THE TRAGEDY OF MANSUR AL HALLAJ'S EXECUTION IN 922 AD

Abstract

This research analyzes the tragedy of the execution of Al-Hallaj, a controversial Sufi figure of the 9th century CE, through a historical approach to understand the social, theological, and political context behind the event. The research method used is the historical method, which includes four main stages: heuristics (source collection), verification (source criticism), interpretation, and historiography. Data were collected from primary sources such as Al-Hallaj's
works (especially Kitab al-Tawasin) and historical accounts by authors such as Al-Baghdadi and Al-Jahiz, and analyzed along with secondary sources from modern research. The aim of this study is to examine the complex factors that led to Al-Hallaj's execution in 922 CE, by tracing the interaction between his Sufistic teachings - especially the concept of “Ana al-Haqq” - and the harsh response of the Abbasid religious authorities and political power. In addition,
this study aims to uncover the symbolic significance of the tragedy in the development of Sufism and the tension between spiritual expression and religious orthodoxy. The results show that Al-Hallaj's tragedy was not merely a deviation from theological doctrine, but a reflection of the tension between radical personal spirituality and formalistic religious. Although considered heretical by fiqh scholars, Al-Hallaj is seen as a syahid by Sufi circles because of his courage to express inner truth. This study concludes that the tragedy of Al-Hallaj must be understood as a historical event that illustrates the clash between spiritual freedom and dogmatic control, as well as being a symbol of the struggle for essence in the history of Islamic thought. institutions. His teachings, which were open and critical of the establishment, made him a political and religious target.