Jurnal Buana Farma

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA OMEPRAZOLE DAN RANITIDIN PADA PASIEN DISPEPSIA DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RSUD UNDATA PALU

Ririen Hardani — 2026-03-31

The prevalence rate of dyspepsia continues to increase, with cases of recurrence occurring in patients not only adding to the physical and psychological burden of patients, but can also pose an economic burden on both patients and the health system. This study aims to determine the cost of therapy in dyspepsia patients based on the ACER value. This study is a descriptive study, data obtained from medical records and financial data of dyspepsia patients at Undata Hospital, Palu. Data analysis was done descriptively using Microsoft excel and statistically using Kruskal wallis test, Chi-square and independent T-test. The results of the study based on the Kruskal wallis test obtained a p-value of 0.002 which indicates that there is a significant effect of secondary diagnosis on direct medical costs of dyspepsia patients, and the cost effectiveness of therapy based on the ACER value of omeprazole of Rp 35,965 and the ACER value of ranitidine of Rp 28,965. The conclusion of this study is that ranitidine is more cost effective than omeprazole in dyspeptic patients at the inpatient installation of RSUD Undata Palu.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL JAHE MERAH (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR. RUBRUM) MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH

Hera Derliana Lumban Raja — 2026-03-31

Antioxidants play an important role in warding off free radicals that can cause oxidative stress and various degenerative diseases. One potential source of natural antioxidants is red ginger leaves ( Zingiber officinale var. rubrum ). This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of red ginger leaves using the DPPH method. Extraction was carried out using ethanol solvent, then the antioxidant activity was tested at various concentrations of 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm. The parameters observed included absorbance value, inhibition percentage, and IC ₅₀ value . The results showed that the inhibition percentage increased with increasing extract concentration. The IC₅₀ value obtained was 45.50 ppm , indicating that the ethanol extract of red ginger leaves has very strong antioxidant activity. Based on these results, it can be concluded that red ginger leaves have the potential as a source of natural antioxidants that can be developed in the fields of health and functional foods.

EFEKTIVITAS GEL DAUN KIPAHIT (Tithonia diversifolia) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA DIABETES PADA TIKUS

Siti Khadijah — 2026-03-31

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease commonly associated with complications such as diabetic wounds, which are characterized by impaired tissue perfusion, prolonged inflammation, and increased susceptibility to infection, resulting in delayed wound healing. Although various topical therapies have been developed, the use of herbal-based formulations for diabetic wound management remains an area of ongoing research. Leaves of Tithonia diversifolia are known to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, which may support the wound healing process. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Tithonia diversifolia leaf extract gel on wound healing in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. This experimental study used 30 male white rats divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (gel base), positive control (octeniline gel), and treatment groups receiving Tithonia diversifolia extract gel at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The extract was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol and formulated into a topical gel. Wound length was observed on days 0, 3, 7, and 14, and the data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. The results showed that Tithonia diversifolia extract gel significantly affected wound healing from day 3 to day 14 (p < 0.05). The 10% and 15% formulations demonstrated better wound healing than the negative control, while the 15% formulation showed the most optimal result, with a mean wound length of 0.40 mm on day 14. Therefore, Tithonia diversifolia extract gel has potential to be developed as a topical preparation supporting wound healing under diabetic conditions.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETIK DAUN KIPAHIT (Tithonia diversifolia) TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA TIKUS MODEL DIABETES TERINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN

Nurul Hasanah — 2026-03-31

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Tithonia diversifolia (Kipahit) leaves are traditionally used for diabetes. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic effectiveness of Kipahit leaf ethanol extract on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The research was an experimental laboratory study using a post-test only control group design. Thirty male rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (STZ), positive control (STZ + metformin), and three treatment groups receiving the extract at doses of 250, 350, and 450 mg/kg BW. The extract yield was 29.67%. Phytochemical screening showed positive results for flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Blood glucose levels were measured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. The results showed that the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels. The dose of 450 mg/kg BW was the most effective, with an effect comparable to metformin.

TINJAUAN LITERATUR: POTENSI TANAMAN OBAT SEBAGAI SUMBER ANTIOKSIDAN ALAMI

Fahrauk Faramayuda — 2026-03-31

Oxidative stress is a major driver of degenerative diseases, while synthetic antioxidants may pose long-term safety risks. The need for safer natural antioxidants has accelerated the exploration of medicinal plants, which are rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential, particularly flavonoids and polyphenols. This systematic review aimed to classify antioxidant compounds from medicinal plants according to their phytochemical groups and to appraise their therapeutic potential based on recent pharmacological evidence. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for antioxidant activity testing. The review identified dominant antioxidant constituents, classified by chemical structure, including phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, and flavonoid–hydroquinone derivatives, reported across multiple plant species (Table 1). Plants consistently described as antioxidant sources were reundeu (Straurogyne elongata), moringa (Moringa oleifera), Indonesian bay leaf (Eugenia polyantha), water clover (Marsilea crenata), mango leaves (Mangifera indica), raru wood (Cotylelobium lanceolatum), and Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura), exhibiting moderate to strong antioxidant activity mainly in DPPH and FRAP assays. Overall, the findings indicate that antioxidant activity correlates with structural features such as the number and position of hydroxyl (–OH) groups, conjugated systems, and metal-chelating capacity. However, these compounds still face challenges related to poor stability and low bioavailability, suggesting that nanotechnology-based delivery systems may enhance formulation effectiveness. In conclusion, the plants reviewed contain promising

antioxidant constituents, with quercetin and flavonoids emerging as the most active compounds, supporting their development as candidates for natural antioxidant-based phytopharmaceutical raw materials in Indonesia.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN MASKER GEL PEEL OFF EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH CINA (PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA)

Nurul Mawaddah Nasution — 2026-03-31

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder often associated with increased sebum production and colonization of Cutibacterium acnes on the skin. Peperomia pellucida L. is a medicinal plant known to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, which have potential for use in the development of natural cosmetic formulations. This study aimed to formulate Peperomia pellucida leaf extract into a peel-off gel mask preparation and evaluate its physical characteristics. The extraction of the leaves was carried out using a maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The obtained extract was then formulated into four different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) using a gel base consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), triethanolamine (TEA), glycerin, nipagin, nipasol, and distilled water. The evaluation of the formulations included organoleptic observation, homogeneity test, pH measurement, drying time, and spreadability test. The results showed that all formulations produced homogeneous preparations with pH values ranging from 5.75 to 6.20, drying time between 15–25 minutes, and spreadability ranging from 6.3 to 6.8 cm. Increasing extract concentration affected the organoleptic characteristics and drying time of the preparations. Based on the physical evaluation results, the formulation containing 4% extract demonstrated the most optimal physical characteristics compared with the other formulations.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MANGGA ARUM MANIS (Mangifera indica L. ‘Arumanis’) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

Cinta Alya — 2026-03-31

The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has encouraged the exploration of natural products as alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potential of the ethanolic extract of ‘Arumanis’ mango leaves (Mangifera indica L. ‘Arumanis’) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The research was conducted using a laboratory experimental design including plant identification, preparation of simplicia, extraction by maceration with 96% ethanol, phytochemical screening, and antibacterial activity testing using the disk diffusion method. The extract was tested at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% (50–150 mg/mL), with three replications (n=3) for each treatment and control group. The inhibition zones were measured including the 6 mm disk diameter and analyzed descriptively as mean ± standard deviation. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The antibacterial assay showed inhibition zone diameters of 3.00 ± 2.12 mm (5%), 4.38 ± 2.51 mm (10%), and 6.13 ± 2.63 mm (15%), while the positive control chloramphenicol (30 µg/disk) produced a 21.43 ± 0.06 mm inhibition zone and the negative control (10% DMSO) showed no inhibitory effect. Although inhibition zones were observed at all concentrations, the diameters were relatively small compared to the standard antibiotic. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of M. indica ‘Arumanis’ leaves demonstrates concentration-dependent inhibitory potential against S. aureus, but with limited antibacterial activity, indicating the need for further evaluation using dilution methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TERHADAP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MANGGA ARUM MANIS (Mangifera indica L. var. arum manis) MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH

Siti Mahzura — 2026-03-31

Radikal bebas dapat memicu stres oksidatif yang berperan dalam berbagai penyakit degeneratif, sehingga diperlukan sumber antioksidan alami yang aman dan efektif. Daun mangga arum manis mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin, dan triterpenoid yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun mangga arum manis (Mangifera indica L. var. arum manis) menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen laboratorium. Daun mangga dikumpulkan dari Kecamatan Secanggang, Kabupaten Langkat, kemudian dideterminasi di Herbarium Medanense. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Skrining fitokimia dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan metabolit sekunder. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak 20, 40, 60, 80, dan 100 ppm serta vitamin C sebagai kontrol positif. Sampel direaksikan dengan larutan DPPH 50 ppm dan absorbansi diukur pada panjang gelombang 517 nm setelah inkubasi 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase inhibisi meningkat seiring peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak, dengan nilai inhibisi tertinggi sebesar 50,2% pada konsentrasi 100 ppm. Analisis regresi linear menghasilkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 98,73 ppm yang termasuk kategori aktivitas antioksidan kuat. Sebagai pembanding, vitamin C menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 6,07 ppm yang mengindikasikan aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa ekstrak etanol daun mangga arum manis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kuat berdasarkan nilai IC₅₀. Meskipun potensinya lebih rendah dibandingkan vitamin C, ekstrak ini tetap menunjukkan kemampuan signifikan sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Penelitian lanjutan disarankan menggunakan metode FRAP atau ABTS untuk memperkuat hasil.

FORMULASI MASKER GEL DENGAN EKSTRAK DAUN MANGGA ARUMANIS (Mangifera Indica L.) SEBAGAI BAHAN AKTIF

Tasyah Helgiera — 2026-03-31

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and environmental pollution can generate free radicals that contribute to skin damage and accelerate premature aging. One approach to protect the skin from these effects is the use of antioxidants derived from natural sources. Arumanis mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.) contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins which have potential antioxidant activity and can be utilized as active ingredients in cosmetic formulations. This study aimed to formulate a gel mask containing ethanol extract of arumanis mango leaves and to evaluate the physical quality of the preparation. The extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The gel mask was formulated into three different extract concentrations, namely 0%, 4%, and 6%. The physical evaluation included organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and drying time tests. The results showed that the gel mask preparations exhibited good physical characteristics, with homogeneous appearance, pH values ranging from 5.16–6.26, spreadability of 5.5–6.8 cm, and drying time of 17–20 minutes. The variation in extract concentration affected the color of the preparation but did not significantly influence the overall physical stability of the gel. Therefore, ethanol extract of arumanis mango leaves can be formulated into a gel mask preparation that meets the physical quality requirements for skincare products.

FORMULASI DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SERUM KOMBINASI KELOR DAN TELANG

Kharismatunnisa Lestari — 2026-03-31

Free radicals play a crucial role in the development of premature aging and degenerative diseases, thereby necessitating the use of antioxidants to mitigate oxidative damage. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and Clitoria ternatea L. flowers are recognized as natural sources of antioxidants with strong activity and potential synergistic effects. This study aimed to formulate a stable facial serum containing a combination of Moringa oleifera and Clitoria ternatea extracts and to determine the formulation exhibiting optimal antioxidant activity. An experimental laboratory approach was employed by preparing serum formulations with varying extract ratios, followed by evaluations of physical stability and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The results demonstrated that all serum formulations remained homogeneous before and after the cycling test. Physical parameters, including pH, spreadability, and viscosity, exhibited changes during stability testing but remained within acceptable ranges for serum preparations. The IC₅₀ values indicated strong antioxidant activity for formulations F1, F2, and F3, weak activity for the negative control, and very strong activity for the positive control. Among the combination formulas, the serum containing a 1:1 extract ratio showed the highest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the combined extract serum of Moringa oleifera and Clitoria ternatea demonstrated good physical and chemical stability, with optimal antioxidant potential observed in the 1:1 formulation.

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA PENGGUNAAN ASPIRIN DAN CLOPIDOGREL PADA PASIEN STROKE ISKEMIK RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT ROYAL PRIMA TAHUN 2022–2025

Nursaima Putri Nasution — 2026-03-31

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability, imposing a substantial economic burden due to high treatment and rehabilitation costs. Antiplatelet therapies such as aspirin and clopidogrel are commonly used for secondary prevention to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke; however, differences in treatment costs require evaluation to support efficient use of healthcare resources. This study aimed to analyze and compare the total cost and cost-effectiveness of aspirin and clopidogrel therapy in patients with ischemic stroke at Royal Prima General Hospital during the period 2022-2025. This study was an observational analytic study with a retrospective design using patients’ medical record data. The analysis was conducted from the hospital perspective by calculating direct medical costs, including drug costs, hospitalization, diagnostic examinations, and medical procedures. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation was performed using the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) approach, with cost-effectiveness assessed through the calculation of the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) based on patients’ clinical outcomes. The results demonstrated differences in total treatment costs between aspirin and clopidogrel therapy, influenced by variations in cost components and patients’ clinical characteristics. In conclusion, cost-effectiveness analysis using CEA and CER can provide a scientific basis for selecting antiplatelet therapy that is rational and cost-efficient in the management of patients with ischemic stroke.

TINJAUAN LITERATUR: ETNOFARMASI DAN AKTIVITAS FARMAKOLOGI KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca formatypica)

Asman Sadino — 2026-03-31

Ethnopharmaceutical study is an approach to explore the local knowledge of people from certain tribes and ethnicities regarding the utilization of plants as traditional medicines. This review aims to examine the ethnopharmaceutical utilization and pharmacological activity of kepok banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca formatypica) based on current scientific evidence. The method used was narrative review through literature searches on Google Scholar and PubMed databases of full-text articles published in the period 2011-2026. The keywords used included “ethnopharmaceutical,” “Musa paradisiaca,” “kepok banana peel”, and “pharmacological activity of Musa paradisiaca.” Included articles were national and international accredited/ISSN publications that addressed the ethnopharmaceutical aspects and pharmacological activity of kepok banana peel, while irrelevant articles and publications below 2011 were excluded. The results showed that kepok banana peel has been utilized as a traditional medicine by several ethnic groups in Indonesia, including Dondo, Kaili, Mori, Sasak, and Banggai. Pharmacologically, kepok banana peel is reported to have several main activities including antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, wound healing (cuts and burns), and anti-acne activity. Based on these findings, kepok banana peel waste has the potential to be developed as an ethnopharmaceutical-based traditional medicine ingredient and candidate raw material for pharmaceutical preparations supporting therapy.

TINJAUAN LITERATUR: AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES MELLITUS BEBERAPA TANAMAN FAMILI MALVACEAE

Asman Sadino — 2026-03-31

The Malvaceae family is a group of plants widely used empirically as traditional medicine to help control diabetes mellitus (DM) and has been supported by various experimental studies. This review aims to assess the types of Malvaceae family plants that have potential as antidiabetics and to summarize scientific evidence related to their pharmacological activity and the active compounds involved. The method used was a narrative review through a literature search in Google Scholar and PubMed for full-text articles published during 2011–2026. The included articles consisted of in vitro and in vivo studies discussing the antidiabetic or antihyperglycemic activity of Malvaceae family plants, while duplicate articles, review articles, proceedings, and irrelevant publications were excluded. Based on the selection process, several articles met the criteria for descriptive analysis. The results showed that several Malvaceae family plants have antidiabetic potential, including hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), durian (Durio zibethinus), sidaguri (Sida cordifolia), kapas hantu (Abroma augusta), biruan (Grewia asiatica), kapuk (Ceiba pentandra), kembang sore (Abutilon indicum), and pulutan (Urena lobata), all reported to have blood glucose-lowering effects. This activity is related to secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds, which act through antioxidant mechanisms, increased insulin sensitivity, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and protection of pancreatic β cells. Based on these findings, Malvaceae family plants have the potential to be developed as sources of natural medicine candidates and supportive therapies in the management of diabetes mellitus.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL SIRIH CINA (PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH

Nurul Aini — 2026-03-31

Chinese betel (Peperomia pellucida L.) is a plant known to contain various secondary metabolites with potential antioxidant activity. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in the ethanol extract of Chinese betel and to evaluate its antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Extraction was performed using 96% ethanol and yielded an extract recovery of 8.75% from 400 grams of simplicia. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids/steroids, while saponins were not detected. Antioxidant activity was evaluated at five concentrations (20–100 ppm) with vitamin C used as a reference standard. The IC₅₀ value of the Chinese betel ethanol extract was 63.49 ppm, indicating strong antioxidant activity, whereas vitamin C showed an IC₅₀ value of 6.06 ppm, classified as very strong antioxidant activity. Based on these findings, the ethanol extract of Chinese betel shows potential as a natural antioxidant source and warrants further investigation for the development of natural product-based formulations.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI SEDIAAN LIPSTIK MENGGUNAKAN PEWARNA ALAMI DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH BIT (Beta vulgaris L.)

Elsan Fitri Artanti — 2026-03-31

Lip color is a cosmetic preparation used to color the lips with an artistic touch, thereby enhancing facial aesthetics in makeup application. Long-term use of lipstick containing synthetic dyes such as Rhodamine B may cause cancer and impair liver and kidney function. One plant that can serve as a natural coloring source is beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), which contains betalain pigments classified as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine whether ethanol extract of beetroot can be formulated into a lipstick preparation as a natural colorant. This experimental research was conducted through several stages, including plant identification, collection, simplicia preparation, characterization, extraction using 70% ethanol, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, formulation, and evaluation of product quality. The evaluation included organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, melting point, hardness, spreadability, irritation test, hedonic test, and stability test. The TLC results showed that ethanol extract of beetroot was positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Lipstick formulations containing 15%, 20%, and 25% ethanol extract of beetroot were semi-solid with brown and dark brown colors, homogeneous, and had pH values within the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) range of 4.5–7.0. The melting points ranged from 50–63°C. The spreadability was glossy and evenly distributed, the hardness met SNI requirements, and the formulations did not cause irritation. Formula F3 was most preferred by the panelists, and all formulations remained stable during storage at 4°C and 40°C. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of beetroot can be formulated into a lipstick preparation as a natural colorant and demonstrates good physical quality.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN HAND BODY GEL DENGAN SARI BUAH RAMBUTAN (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Nailan Azizah — 2026-03-31

Rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.) contains vitamins A, B, and C, which act as antioxidants and are beneficial for skin health. The utilization of rambutan fruit juice in a hand body gel formulation aims to produce a natural moisturizing product that is safe for use. This study was conducted experimentally by formulating rambutan fruit juice into hand body gel at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%, along with a blank formulation. Each formulation was evaluated for its physical properties, including organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity. In addition, skin irritation testing and skin moisture testing using a skin analyzer were performed over three weeks of use. The results showed that all formulations had good physical quality, pH values suitable for the skin, and did not cause irritation. Skin moisture testing indicated an increase in skin moisture in all formulations, with the 7% concentration showing the highest improvement. In conclusion, rambutan fruit juice can be formulated into a hand body gel that is safe and effective as a skin moisturizer, with the 7% concentration being the best formulation.

REVIEW: KETERSEDIAAN OBAT INDIKATOR DAN DISPARITAS WILAYAH PADA UPTD FARMASI DINAS KESEHATAN DI INDONESIA

Dora Dewi Rahmahwati — 2026-03-31

Drug availability is one of the main indicators of the quality of health services in Indonesia. Effective drug planning and distribution in the Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) of the Health Office Pharmacy is key to ensuring public access to essential drugs. This review aims to evaluate drug planning and distribution indicators in the UPTD Pharmacy of Health Offices throughout Indonesia based on recent published studies. A narrative review was conducted through a systematic search of academic databases for the period 2024-2025. Inclusion criteria included studies that evaluated drug planning, distribution, and availability in Indonesian health facilities. Data extracted included study location, study design, sample size, drug availability rate, planning accuracy, and stock-out rate. Of the 12 studies analyzed, drug availability rates varied between 78.5% and 95.2%, with an average of 87.5%. Medicine planning accuracy ranged from 75.2% to 98.5%. Stock-out rates showed significant variation between 4.1% and 22.1%, with an average of 13.7%. The study in Medan with the implementation of Distribution Requirement Planning showed the best results with 95.2% availability and 98.5% planning accuracy. Eastern Indonesia, such as Keerom and East Sumba, showed lower performance with availability below 85%. There are significant disparities in drug planning and distribution between regions in Indonesia. The implementation of integrated information systems and data-based planning methods such as Distribution Requirement Planning can improve drug availability and reduce stockouts. Special attention is needed in remote and eastern regions of Indonesia to improve access to essential drugs.

EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA PASIEN DISPEPSIA MENGGUNAKAN METODE ATC/DDD DI RUMAH SAKIT ROYAL PRIMA TAHUN 2022

Rachel Epifanes Hutabarat — 2026-03-31

Dyspepsia is a common non-communicable disease that requires pharmacotherapy management according to clinical guidelines. Evaluation of drug use can be conducted using the ATC/DDD (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose) and DU90% (Drug Utilization 90%) methods to describe prescribing patterns in healthcare facilities. This study aimed to evaluate drug use in dyspepsia patients at Royal Prima Hospital Medan in 2022 using a retrospective descriptive design using medical records of 180 patients from January–December 2022. Drugs were classified based on the WHO 2023 ATC system and analyzed using DDD calculations and the DU90% method. The results showed that four drugs included in the DU90% segment were omeprazole (tablets and injections) and ranitidine (tablets and injections), with a total contribution of 90.4% of the total DDD. The pattern of drug use is dominated by proton pump inhibitors and H₂ receptor antagonists, which are the main therapies in the management of dyspepsia based on the 2022 National Consensus on the Management of Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori Infection, so that the distribution of drug use obtained in this study shows compliance with national therapy recommendations.

UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH CINA (PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA DAN PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

Helsi Herdiani Sinaga — 2026-03-31

The Chinese betel leaf plant (Peperomia pellucida L.), a herbal plant belonging to the Piperaceae family, has antibiotic properties against the growth of acne-causing bacteria. The Chinese betel leaf plant is also known to have antibacterial activity. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Propionibacterium acnes. The method used was disc diffusion with varying concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Inhibition zone data were analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf was able to inhibit the growth of both bacteria and there was a significant difference between extract concentrations (p < 0.05). The ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf has the potential as a natural antibacterial.

EFEKTIVITAS DAN IMPLEMENTASI REJIMEN BERBASIS DOLUTEGRAVIR PADA PASIEN HIV DI INDONESIA: TINJAUAN TERHADAP OUTCOME KLINIS DAN TANTANGAN PELAYANAN

Faizal Hermanto — 2026-03-31

Dolutegravir-based regimens, including TLD (Tenofovir-Lamivudine-Dolutegravir), have become the first-line therapy recommended by WHO for HIV treatment. Indonesia has adopted this regimen in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 23/2022. This review analyzes the clinical effectiveness and implementation of dolutegravir-based regimens in HIV patients based on data from various health facilities in Indonesia. The purpose of this review article is to analyze the clinical outcomes of dolutegravir-based regimens, including viral load suppression, quality of life, and patient adherence. This review was conducted through a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period 2015-2025. The search query included the keywords “TLD regimen”, “dolutegravir”, “HIV”, “viral load suppression”, “Indonesia”, “clinical effectiveness”, “tenofovir”, and “lamivudine”. Articles were selected based on studies conducted in Indonesian healthcare facilities, involving adult HIV patients receiving dolutegravir-based regimens, and reporting clinical outcomes or program implementation. Six articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results showed that dolutegravir-based regimens have good clinical outcomes in various health facilities in Indonesia. Studies in Palembang demonstrated high viral load suppression among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Multi-center studies showed significant improvement in quality of life after switching from nevirapine-based to dolutegravir-based regimens. Studies at the primary care level underscored the importance of medication adherence and adequate monitoring. The review concluded that dolutegravir-based regimens demonstrated good clinical effectiveness with diverse outcomes in HIV patients in Indonesia. Implementation requires strengthening viral load monitoring, adherence management, and capacity building at the primary care level.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW RASIONALITAS ANTIHIPERTENSI PADA PREEKLAMSIA DI BEBERAPA RUMAH SAKIT DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN PRISMA

Yastin Nurfauziah — 2026-03-31

Globally, preeclampsia is one of the main contributors to maternal mortality. In Indonesia, discrepancies between clinical practice and guideline recommendations for antihypertensive use in preeclampsia cases remain relatively high, potentially increasing risks for both mothers and fetuses. This study is a PRISMA-based systematic review that aims to evaluate the rational use of antihypertensive drugs in preeclampsia patients across various hospitals in Indonesia. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for the period 2015–2025, identifying 76 articles, of which 11 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most studies assessed three parameters of rationality—appropriate drug, appropriate indication, and appropriate dose—with mean adherence rates of 92.55%, 91.69%, and 86.73%, respectively. Nifedipine was the most commonly used first-line agent, while methyldopa was frequently used as an alternative or in combination; however, several hospitals still reported the use of drugs that are not recommended, such as candesartan. Variations in practice were mainly related to limited availability of first-line drugs and inconsistent implementation of dosing protocols, as reflected by one hospital where dose appropriateness reached only 5.3%. Overall, the use of antihypertensive therapy for preeclampsia in Indonesia is generally in line with existing guidelines; nevertheless, equitable access to essential medicines and ongoing training for healthcare workers are still needed to address therapy discrepancies arising from resource limitations.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TERHADAP DAUN BAKUNG (CRINUM ASIATICUM L.) DENGAN PELARUT ETANOL DENGAN METODE DPPH (2,2-DHIPHENYL-1-PIRCYLHYDRAZYL)

Natasya Louisa — 2026-03-31

Free radicals are one of the main factors causing oxidative stress, which contributes to various degenerative diseases. Natural antioxidants derived from plants have the potential to serve as safer alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. One plant with potential as a natural antioxidant source is bakung (Crinum asiaticum L.), which has long been traditionally used, although scientific studies on it remain limited. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of bakung leaves (Crinum asiaticum L.) using the DPPH method and to examine its secondary metabolite profile. This experimental research employed maceration extraction using 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening to identify classes of compounds and antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method expressed as IC₅₀ values. The results showed that the ethanol extract of bakung leaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids/steroids. The antioxidant activity test indicated that the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 13.73 µg/mL, although it was still lower than vitamin C as the positive control, which had an IC₅₀ value of 8.56 µg/mL. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bakung leaves (Crinum asiaticum L.) has potential as a natural antioxidant source and holds promise for further development in the fields of pharmacy and natural product chemistry.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS FORMULASI SEDIAAN SALEP FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN KOPASANDA (Chromoleana odorata L.) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA SAYAT PADA TIKUS JANTAN WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus)

Nurasni — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of an ointment made from the ethyl acetate fraction of cotton apple (Chromoleana odorata L.) leaves in accelerating the healing of cut wounds in male white mice. Empirically, cotton apple leaves have long been used as a traditional medicine to treat wounds and infections. The objectives of this study were to assess the healing time, determine the most effective concentration, and compare the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction ointment with a commercially available product.

This was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Ointment formulations were prepared in three extract concentrations: FI (5%), FII (10%), and FIII (15%), each containing 1 gram, 2 grams, and 3 grams, respectively, and included positive and negative control groups. Effectiveness testing was conducted on experimental animals, comparing all treatment groups. Observed parameters included erythema, edema, and wound closure, measured by wound length using a ruler.

The results showed that the FI formulation with a 10% concentration provided the fastest healing time, with wounds healing on average on the 10th day. Statistical analysis using ANOVA test (p < 0.005) showed that the ointment preparation of ethyl acetate fraction of cottonwood leaves was effective in accelerating the healing of cuts. Tukey's further test showed a significant difference between FI with KTP, KE, K-, FII, and FIII, but there was no significant difference between FII and povidone iodine ointment.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN EMULGEL ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK BIJI KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora L.) SEBAGAI PENYEMBUHAN LUKA DIABETES

Ely Rosaulina Br Purba — 2026-03-31

Diabetic wounds are one of the complications of diabetes mellitus and are often accompanied by bacterial infection, which may delay the healing process. The use of natural ingredients as topical antibacterial agents is considered a potential alternative. Robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora L.) are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate Robusta coffee bean extract into an emulgel dosage form and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research was an experimental laboratory study. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The emulgel was formulated in three extract concentrations, namely 20%, 30%, and 50%, and its antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method, with clindamycin gel as the positive control and emulgel base as the negative control. The results showed that Robusta coffee bean extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. The antibacterial activity test of the extract showed inhibition zone diameters ranging from 15.09 to 18.21 mm, while the emulgel preparation produced mean inhibition zone diameters of 8.03 ± 0.73 mm at 20%, 10.08 ± 0.34 mm at 30%, and 13.08 ± 0.11 mm at 50%. The 50% emulgel formula showed the best antibacterial activity, although it was still lower than the positive control. Based on these findings, Robusta coffee bean extract has the potential to be developed as a natural active ingredient in topical antibacterial emulgel preparations.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL PADA BUAH BIT (Beta vulgaris L.) MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH (2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZIL)

Dian Sry Rejeki Nadeak — 2026-03-31

Oxidative stress due to the accumulation of free radicals plays a role in the development of various degenerative diseases, so that natural antioxidant sources that can be scientifically evaluated are needed. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is known to contain bioactive compounds such as betalains, flavonoids, and polyphenols that have the potential as antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) ethanol extract in vitro using the DPPH method. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using DPPH solution with absorbance measurement at a wavelength of 517 nm. The extract was tested at a concentration range of 10–100 µg/mL with three replications, while quercetin was used as a positive control. Antioxidant activity was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and the IC₅₀ value calculated using linear regression analysis. The results showed that the beetroot ethanol extract had an IC₅₀ value of 3.35 µg/mL, while quercetin had an IC₅₀ value of 2.76 µg/mL. The yield of the extract obtained was 20.29%. These results indicate that the beetroot ethanol extract has DPPH radical scavenging activity in the in vitro test system used.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN KRIM DARI EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU BIJI (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) SEBAGAI PENGOBATAN LUKA DIABETES

Hieronima Vivin Triana Sinaga — 2026-03-31

Introduction: Bacterial infections, especially Staphylococcus aureus, often accompany diabetic wounds, which are chronic consequences of diabetes mellitus. These infections slow the healing process and raise the risk of further problems. As a safe and useful supportive therapy, topical formulations based on natural ingredients must be developed. Objective: To formulate a cream preparation with an ethanolic extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) and assess its physical characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: 96% ethanol was used to macerate the extract, which was then screened for bioactive compounds utilizing phytochemicals. An oil-in-water (O/W) basis was used to create the cream in three extract concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%). Organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests were among the physical assessments. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. All cream formulations met the physical quality requirements for topical application. Both the extract and cream exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The guava leaf ethanolic extract cream shows potential as a supportive topical therapy for controlling infections in diabetic wounds; however, further studies are required to evaluate long-term stability, broader antibacterial spectrum, and in vivo effectiveness.

EFEKTIVITAS DAN BIAYA SEFALOSPORIN PADA PASIEN SIROSIS HEPATIS DENGAN RISIKO SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS DI RUMAH SAKIT ROYAL PRIMA PADA TAHUN 2022-2025

Grace Kristin Sonayania Dakhi — 2026-03-31

Hepatic cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease often accompanied by serious complications, one of which is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), which plays a significant role in increasing morbidity and mortality. Third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics, such as cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, are widely used as first-line therapy in patients with hepatic cirrhosis at risk of SBP. However, the increasing incidence of bacterial resistance and the high cost of treatment require an evaluation of the clinical effectiveness and cost-efficiency of the therapy provided. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and cost of using cephalosporin antibiotics in patients with hepatic cirrhosis at risk of SBP at Royal Prima Hospital Medan during the period 2022–2025. This study uses a pharmacoeconomic approach in the form of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) to assess the cost-effectiveness of cephalosporins based on the relationship between treatment costs and patient clinical outcomes. Cost-effectiveness is assessed through the calculation of the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER). The results show that the characteristics of patients are predominantly male and in the adult to elderly age group. This finding is in line with the epidemiological characteristics of liver cirrhosis which is more common in men, especially due to long-term risk factors such as chronic liver disease and alcohol consumption. The study shows that the analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) values has a positive and significant effect on total medical costs, which indicates that increasing costs per unit of clinical outcomes will have a direct impact on increasing total treatment costs.