Jurnal Buana Farma

REVIEW ARTIKEL: POTENSI FITOTERAPI DARI TANAMAN HERBAL DALAM PENANGANAN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

2025-09-29T00:36:48+00:00

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, resulting in progressive damage and a decreased quality of life for patients. Conventional therapies such as NSAIDs and DMARDs are indeed effective, but their long-term use carries the risk of serious side effects and high costs. Therefore, safer and more affordable alternative therapies are needed, one of which is through the use of medicinal plants. This study aims to examine the potential of herbal plants as an additional or alternative therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The method employed is a literature study, involving the search and analysis of 31 scientific journals retrieved from academic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI. The articles analyzed were selected based on certain criteria and contained information about the content of active compounds, pharmacological activity, and the mechanism of action of plants on the RA inflammation process. The results of the study showed that various herbal plants such as Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Boswellia serrata, and Nigella sativa have significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. The active compounds in these plants work by inhibiting the inflammatory pathway and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, medicinal plants have great potential to be used as additional therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, further research is needed, especially clinical trials, to ensure the long-term safety and effectiveness of their use.

UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL 50% AKAR GINSENG JAWA (Talinum paniculatum Jacq. (Gaert)) SEBAGAI INHIBITOR STRESS OKSIDATIF

2025-09-30T05:00:23+00:00

Oxidative stress is a condition in which an imbalance occurs between the production of free radicals and the body’s antioxidant defense system, potentially leading to various degenerative diseases. Java ginseng (Talinum paniculatum Jacq. (Gaertn)) is a medicinal plant known to contain bioactive compounds with free radical–reducing potential. This study aimed to identify the mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition through the decomposition of sodium nitroprusside in the Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) pathway and to evaluate the increase of catalase enzyme activity in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) pathway using 50% ethanol extract of Java ginseng root. The root extract was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with 50% ethanol as the solvent, and five different extract concentrations were tested: 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring the inhibition of NO radical formation and the enhancement of catalase activity, with vitamin C as a comparator. The ethanol extract of Java ginseng root inhibited NO radical formation with an IC50 value of 42.45 μg/mL, which is classified as a very strong antioxidant. In comparison, vitamin C showed an IC50 of 6.47 μg/mL, also categorized as very strong. Furthermore, the extract increased catalase activity proportionally to its concentration, although the effect was still lower than that of vitamin C. These results indicate that the 50% ethanol extract of Java ginseng root possesses significant potential as an oxidative stress inhibitor through NO inhibition and catalase activation, though its effectiveness remains lower than vitamin C.

AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES FRAKSI ETANOL, ETIL ASETAT DAN N-HEXAN HERBA PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica L) TERHADAP MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI ALOXAN

2025-09-29T00:36:45+00:00

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from impaired insulin production or function. Conventional treatments often come with side effects and high costs, prompting the exploration of herbal-based alternatives. Centella asiatica L. (commonly known as pegagan) contains various bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of Centella asiatica herb in male white mice (Mus musculus) induced with alloxan, and to determine the most effective fraction in lowering blood glucose levels. The research employed a completely randomized design (CRD) in an experimental setting. Male mice were randomly assigned to five groups: negative control (1% Na-CMC), positive control (glibenclamide), and three treatment groups receiving ethanol, ethyl acetate, or n-hexane fractions of Centella asiatica at a dose of 120 mg/kg body weight. Diabetes was induced using alloxan at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after treatment at specific time intervals. The results demonstrated that all fractions of Centella asiatica exhibited blood glucose-lowering activity in diabetic mice. Among the three, the ethanol fraction produced the most significant hypoglycemic effect. Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanol fraction contained flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins, which are suspected to contribute to its antidiabetic activity. In conclusion, the ethanol fraction of Centella asiatica exhibits the highest potential as an antidiabetic agent compared to the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions.

LITERATURE REVIEW: AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TANAMAN OBAT TERHADAP BAKTERI PENYEBAB PNEUMONIA

2025-09-29T00:36:42+00:00

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by various pathogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among these pathogens highlights the need for alternative therapeutic strategies derived from natural products. This study aimed to review the antibacterial potential of medicinal plants against pneumonia-causing bacteria and their underlying mechanisms. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching scientific articles in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI. Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria covering antibacterial activity, active compounds, and reported mechanisms of action. A total of 30 eligible articles were analyzed descriptively. The medicinal plants reviewed include Etlingera elatior, Cassia alata, Morinda citrifolia, Melaleuca leucadendra, Momordica charantia, Guazuma ulmifolia, Artocarpus altilis, Acacia nilotica, Gynura procumbens, Trigona incisa propolis, and Ficus carica. These plants contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenols, which exhibit antibacterial activity by disrupting cell membranes, inhibiting protein synthesis, interfering with essential enzymes, and inducing oxidative stress in bacteria. The findings indicate that medicinal plants hold great potential as complementary or alternative therapies for pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, further research, particularly in vivo and clinical studies, is required to confirm their efficacy and safety.

TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK DI FASILITAS PELAYANAN KESEHATAN INDONESIA

2025-09-29T00:36:40+00:00

Inappropriate antibiotic use can lead to bacterial resistance, a serious global issue including in Indonesia. The level of public knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic utilization are crucial factors in controlling the occurrence of resistance. This literature review aims to assess the community's level of knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use in Indonesia, as well as the influencing factors. The methodology employed is a literature study, with data collected through electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, using keywords like "knowledge," "attitude," "antibiotics," and "resistance" from 2015 to 2025. A total of 10 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were systematically explored, depicting various community experiences across different regions of Indonesia. The results indicate that public knowledge about antibiotics varies from low to adequate, depending on demographic factors such as educational level and personal experience. Additionally, improper attitudes, such as easily requesting antibiotics without a prescription, are closely related to a lack of understanding regarding indications and potential adverse outcomes. Demographic factors like education level, age, and income significantly influence community knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use. This review underscores the need for consistent and informative educational interventions through healthcare facilities to improve knowledge and motivate rational behavior regarding antibiotic use.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: KANDUNGAN SENYAWA BIOAKTIF DAN AKTIVITAS SITOTOKSIK EKSTRAK ALANG-ALANG TERHADAP SEL KANKER

2025-09-29T00:42:34+00:00

Imperata cylindrica (Imperata cylindrica) is a traditional medicinal plant long used in various countries and is known to contain various bioactive compounds with anticancer potential. Research on the cytotoxic activity of Imperata cylindrica continues to develop, but results are still varied, requiring a systematic review to summarize the available scientific evidence. This study aims to review the bioactive compound content and cytotoxic activity of Imperata cylindrica extract against various cancer cells. A systematic literature review method was conducted by searching articles from international and national databases using relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the total 410 articles found, 10 articles were selected to meet the requirements for analysis. The results of the study showed that cogongrass extract with various solvents (ethanol, methanol, water, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and chloroform) has cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell lines, such as breast (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa), colon (HT-29), lung (A549), liver (HepG2), prostate (PC-3), and leukemia (HL-60). The identified cytotoxic mechanisms include induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of migration, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. The dominant compounds that play a role include flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. In conclusion, cogongrass extract has great potential as a candidate for natural anticancer agents, although further research in the form of in vivo tests and clinical trials is still very necessary to ensure its effectiveness and safety.

FORMULASI SIRUP DEKOKTA KERANG TUDE BOMBANG (Atactodea striata) SEBAGAI HEPATOPROTEKTOR ALAMI

2025-09-29T00:36:37+00:00

The Tude Bombang clam (Atactodea striata) is a potential hepatoprotective agent due to its bioactive protein content and low fat levels, which contribute to liver protection through antioxidant activity, hepatocellular repair, and prevention of lipid accumulation in liver cells. This study aimed to formulate a decoction syrup of Tude Bombang clam and evaluate its hepatoprotective effects against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, as well as assess its organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and pH. The results showed that SGOT and SGPT levels in the normal control group remained stable (SGOT: 17.7–17.2 U/L; SGPT: 7.5–7.2 U/L), whereas the negative control group exhibited persistent elevations (SGOT: 374.7–373 U/L; SGPT: 97.2–95.6 U/L), confirming liver damage. The positive control (curcumin) reduced SGOT to 220.3 U/L and SGPT to 102.4 U/L. The Tude Bombang clam syrup demonstrated dose-dependent hepatoprotective effects, with the 60% concentration producing the most significant reductions in SGOT (350.9 to 288.9 U/L) and SGPT (96 to 73.6 U/L), indicating its ability to stabilize liver enzymes and mitigate hepatocellular injury. Organoleptic evaluation revealed acceptable sensory characteristics, homogeneity testing confirmed uniform dispersion without sedimentation, and the pH values (7.02–7.20) fell within the neutral range recommended for oral syrups. Overall, the Tude Bombang clam syrup exhibited favorable physical properties and hepatoprotective potential through its bioactive protein content and low fat levels, making it a promising candidate for functional hepatoprotective formulations.

STUDI IN VITRO ANTIKOLESTEROL DAN FLAVONOID TOTAL DARI EKSTRAK BAWANG PUTIH TUNGGAL (Allium sativum L)

2025-09-29T00:42:31+00:00

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main factors that increase the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, which can cause atherosclerosis and disorders in fat metabolism. Single garlic is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids that play a role in reducing cholesterol. This study aims to assess the total flavonoids and anticholesterol activity in vitro of ethanol extract of single garlic (Allium sativum L.). The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Total flavonoids were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with quercetin as the standard, while anticholesterol activity was tested using the Lieberman-Burchard method in vitro. The findings of this study indicate that the sample extract contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Single garlic shows effective flavonoid content in lowering lipid levels. The anticholesterol test shows that this extract can reduce cholesterol levels with a significant IC₅₀ value. The conclusion of this study is that single garlic has the potential as an alternative way to lower cholesterol.

EVALUASI WAKTU TUNGGU PELAYANAN RESEP DI RUMAH SAKIT X

2025-09-29T00:36:36+00:00

Prescription service waiting time is one indicator of the quality of pharmaceutical services in hospitals, where excessive wait times can impact patient satisfaction with the service. Based on Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 129/Menkes/SK/II/2008, the maximum standard wait time for non-compounded prescriptions is ≤ 30 minutes and for compounded prescriptions is ≤ 60 minutes. This study aims to evaluate the waiting time for prescription services in the Outpatient Pharmacy Unit of X Hospital. This study used a descriptive analytical method with a non-experimental quantitative approach. Data were collected prospectively through direct observation of prescription services using a purposive sampling technique and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the average wait time for non-compounded prescriptions was 51 minutes and for compounded prescriptions 82.2 minutes. Both categories fall short of the Ministry of Health's prescription service waiting time standards, which are ≤ 60 minutes for compounded and ≤ 30 minutes for non-compounded. Factors influencing waiting times for services include medication availability, the number and completeness of prescriptions, and the adequacy and skills of the pharmacy staff. Therefore, waiting times for prescription services at X Hospital do not meet minimum service standards, necessitating improvements in the efficiency of the pharmaceutical service system.

EVALUASI RASIONALITAS PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PASIEN PNEUMONIA DI RS TIPE B KOTA BOGOR

2025-09-29T00:36:33+00:00

Pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase the risk of bacterial resistance. Rationality evaluation is essential to ensure appropriate selection, dosage, and duration of therapy. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of pneumonia patients, antibiotic prescribing patterns, and their rational use in the inpatient ward of Type B Hospital in Bogor City in 2024. A retrospective descriptive design was employed using medical records of 83 pneumonia patients from January to December 2024. Data were analyzed descriptively, and rationality was assessed using the Gyssens method based on the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 28 of 2021. The results showed that most patients were aged ≥60 years (41.0%) and male (51.8%). The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftriaxone (57.9%) and levofloxacin (20.0%). Category 0 (appropriate) accounted for 55.6%, while 44.4% were inappropriate, mainly IVa (23.3%) and IIIb (10.0%). Conclusion: Improving rationality requires regular evaluation, clinical pathways, and antimicrobial stewardship programs.

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT KEPATUHAN TERAPI ANTIHIPERTENSI DENGAN RISIKO KARDIOVASKULAR DI PUSKESMAS CIKARANG

2025-09-29T00:36:29+00:00

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, evidence regarding the association between adherence to antihypertensive therapy and cardiovascular risk remains inconsistent, particularly in primary care settings. This study was conducted at Cikarang Community Health Center, where hypertension is among the top ten most prevalent diseases. The objective was to determine the relationship between adherence to antihypertensive therapy and cardiovascular risk. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 85 purposively selected hypertensive patients. Adherence was assessed using MARS-5 and Medication Possession Ratio (MPR), while cardiovascular risk was calculated with the ASCVD score. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square, linearity test, and Odds Ratio. Results showed that most patients were adherent (MARS-5 = 91.8%; MPR = 76.5%) and had low cardiovascular risk (64.7%). There was a significant association between adherence and cardiovascular risk (MARS-5 p=0.041; MPR p=0.049). Adherent patients were more likely to have lower cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, higher adherence is associated with lower cardiovascular risk. Continuous education and routine monitoring are essential to maintain adherence and prevent complications.

MANDUPI (Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen): TINJAUAN KANDUNGAN METABOLIT DAN AKTIVITAS FARMAKOLOGINYA

2025-09-29T00:36:50+00:00

Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen, a member of the Zingiberaceae family. Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen is a locally known plant such as Mandupi (Muna), Kasimpo (Makassar), Pane (Bugis) and Wualae (Tolaki). This plant has been widely used empirically as a remedy for muscle pain and gout, particularly among the people of Sulawesi. Mandupi (Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen) contains secondary metabolite compounds in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. This aim of this study is to identify the pharmacological activities of the chemical compounds present in Mandupi through a literature review of various related journals. The results of various studies indicate that Mandupi has pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antihyperuricemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ETANOL TERHADAP TOTAL FENOLIK DAN FLAVONOID SERTA AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DARI DAUN KUNYIT (Curcuma longa L.) DENGAN METODE ABTS

2025-09-29T00:36:26+00:00

Turmeric's leaves possess the greatest antioxidant potential. Therefore, further utilization of flavonoid and phenolic compounds is necessary as antioxidants and to enhance their bioactivity as a medicine. This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol concentration on total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteau analysis method while total flavonoid content using the AlCl₃ analysis method and antioxidant activity of turmeric leaves using the ABTS method, The research design used was experimental research. The results obtained were ethanol concentrations of 50%, 70% and 96%, The results showed that 70% ethanol extract had the highest phenolic content with an average of (63.77 ± 0.40 mg GAE / g), and 70% ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid content with an average of (22.88 ± 0.5 mg QE / g). However, the strongest antioxidant activity was shown by 96% ethanol extract with an IC₅₀ value of (46.36 ± 1.15 ppm (<50 ppm). Thus, turmeric leaf extract with 96% ethanol solvent had the strongest antioxidant activity, while 70% ethanol produced the highest phenolic and flavonoid levels.

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA PENGOBATAN ASPILET DAN CLOPIDOGREL PADA PASIEN KELAINAN JANTUNG ISKEMIK

2025-09-29T00:36:24+00:00

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is a leading cause of mortality in Indonesia and imposes a considerable financial burden on the national health insurance system (BPJS). Antiplatelet agents such as Aspilet and Clopidogrel are widely prescribed, yet their comparative effectiveness and cost-efficiency remain essential to evaluate. This study employed a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) with a retrospective design using inpatient medical records at RSUD Pemangkat. A total of 66 patients were selected by purposive sampling. Clinical outcomes included reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, and total treatment costs. Cost analysis applied the formulas for ACER (Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) and ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio). Results showed that Aspilet achieved greater reductions in systolic (25.24 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (24.28 mmHg) compared to Clopidogrel (25.24 mmHg; 13.17 mmHg). Conversely, Clopidogrel provided superior heart rate reduction (12.04 bpm) compared to Aspilet (10.52 bpm). Treatment costs were lower for Aspilet (Rp 64,045) than Clopidogrel (Rp 68,580). ACER indicated Aspilet was more cost-effective for blood pressure outcomes (Rp 2,021/mmHg vs Rp 5,207/mmHg), whereas Clopidogrel was more efficient for heart rate (ICER Rp 432.49). In conclusion, therapy selection may be tailored to the patient’s dominant clinical parameter: Aspilet is more cost-effective for blood pressure control, while Clopidogrel is preferable for heart rate management. Clinically, CEA findings can guide hospital decision-makers and BPJS in optimizing antiplatelet therapy choices.

ANALISIS FAKTOR RESIKO PENYEBAB PELAYANAN ANTIBIOTIK TANPA RESEP DOKTER DI APOTEK: A REVIEW

2025-09-29T00:36:22+00:00

The dispensing of antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription in pharmacies remains a common practice and contributes significantly to the rise of antibiotic resistance, which poses a major threat to public health. This phenomenon is driven by interrelated risk factors, including easy access, limited public knowledge, socioeconomic influences, and weak regulatory enforcement. This study aims to identify the risk factors underlying the dispensing of antibiotics without prescriptions in pharmacies. A literature review was conducted by collecting and analyzing Indonesian and English journal articles published between 2015 and 2025. Data were retrieved from Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords related to the sale and purchase of antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription. The findings were analyzed narratively and grouped into three perspectives: business actors, patients or consumers, and regulators. From the perspective of business actors, the risk factors include pharmacy staff attitudes that facilitate non-prescription antibiotic sales, financial motivations, consumer pressure and demand, and insufficient professional knowledge. From the perspective of patients, risk factors involve the ease of obtaining antibiotics without a prescription, economic, social, and cultural influences, lack of awareness and understanding, and prior personal experiences of antibiotic use. From the perspective of regulators, weak supervision and poor law enforcement remain key drivers of this practice. In conclusion, comprehensive efforts are required to address this issue. These include strengthening regulations, improving public education, and enhancing the training of pharmacy personnel. Such interventions are critical to preventing antibiotic misuse and mitigating the long-term consequences of antibiotic resistance on public health.

POTENSI ANTIJAMUR MINYAK ATSIRI DAGING BUAH PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt) ASAL PULAU SANGIHE PADA Malassezia furfur

2025-09-29T00:36:19+00:00

Pityriasis versicolor or tinea versicolor is a skin disease caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur. Nutmeg fruit pulp essential oil contains myristicin compounds that have potential as antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of nutmeg fruit pulp essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) from Sangihe Island against Malassezia furfur fungus using the Agar Diffusion and Vapor Phase Test methods. The samples used were nutmeg fruit taken directly from the garden, isolated nutmeg fruit pulp essential oil using the water vapor distillation method. The antifungal activity test for Malassezia furfur used the Agar Diffusion method, using nutmeg oil with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, while the antifungal test with the Vapor Phase Test method used nutmeg oil with volumes of 0 μL, 10 μL, 20 μL, 40 μL, 80 μL and 100 μL. Observations were made by measuring the diameter of the clear zone after 24 hours of incubation. The results showed that essential oils of nutmeg fruit flesh at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% using the Agar Diffusion method were able to inhibit the growth of Malassesia furfur fungus, while with the Vapor Phase Test method the antifungal activity of essential oils of nutmeg fruit flesh was at test volumes of 40 μL, 80 μL and 100 μL.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN NILAM (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) DAN DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

2025-09-29T00:36:15+00:00

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can lead to various health problems, including skin infections that result in redness, swelling, blisters, and pus-filled lumps. The use of herbal plants is an alternative treatment for infections. Plants known to have antibacterial potential include patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.). This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of a combination of patchouli leaf extract (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The type of research used is a laboratory experiment. Extraction of patchouli leaves and basil leaves was performed using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The test solution was prepared in three concentrations: 10%, 15%, and 20%. The combination was made by mixing each concentration in 1:1 ratio. The antibacterial activity test was conducted using the disc diffusion method, with a positive control consisting of erythromycin discs and a negative control of a 1% Tween 80 solution. Observations were made for 24 hours, then the inhibition zone around the paper disc was measured using a caliper. The combination of patchouli and basil leaf extracts can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR FRAKSI KAYU SECANG TERHADAP Candida albicans DAN BIOAUTOGRAFI

2025-09-29T00:36:10+00:00

Sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a plant of the Caesalpiniaceae family that is used for traditional medicine. Utilized Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a plant from the Caesalpiniaceae family whose wood has long been used in traditional medicine and contains compounds such as brazilin, flavonoids, saponins, propane, tannins, and terpenoids with potential antifungal activity. Fungal infections, particularly Candida albicans, remain common health problems, and although antifungal drugs such as fluconazole are widely used, resistance cases continue to increase. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of secang wood extract and its fractions against C. albicans and to identify the most active compound group using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography. Secang wood was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water, followed by antifungal testing using the paper disc diffusion method at concentrations of 6%, 9%, and 12%, with fluconazole as a positive control and 3% DMSO as a negative control. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and showed normal distribution (Sig > 0.05). The results demonstrated that the extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction inhibited the growth of C. albicans, with the water fraction at 12% producing the largest inhibition zone of 16.19 mm, categorized as strong activity. TLC bioautography of the water fraction revealed the presence of tannins as active compounds responsible for antifungal activity.

FORMULASI HAIR TONIC KOMBINASI EKSTRAK BUNGA SEPATU (Hibiscus rossa sinensis L.) DAN DAUN SELEDRI (Apium graveolens L.) SEBAGAI PERANGSANG PERTUMBUHAN RAMBUT PADA KELINCI (New Zealand White)

2025-09-29T00:36:06+00:00

Hair plays an essential role not only as protection for the scalp but also as an aesthetic element that influences appearance. One way to maintain hair health is through the use of hair tonic, a liquid cosmetic preparation formulated to care for and stimulate hair growth. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the effectiveness of a hair tonic combining hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) extracts, both of which are traditionally recognized for their bioactive compounds that promote hair growth. The extracts were obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol and formulated into three concentration variations: F1 (2.5%:7.5%), F2 (5%:5%), and F3 (7.5%:2.5%). The experiment was conducted using male New Zealand White rabbits, with hair growth observed for 28 days, while physical quality parameters such as organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity were also evaluated. The results showed that all formulas met the physical quality requirements of hair tonic, but differences in effectiveness were observed between formulas. Formula II (5%:5%) produced the most optimal effect, with an average hair length of 16.86 mm, outperforming Formula I (15.39 mm) and Formula III (13.39 mm), and approaching the positive control (17.89 mm). These findings highlight that the balanced combination of hibiscus and celery extracts provides a synergistic effect on hair growth. In conclusion, the formulated hair tonic not only demonstrated stability and compliance with physical standards but also offers novelty as a natural alternative that may be safer than synthetic minoxidil-based products.

EFEK PENGGUNAAN BETA BLOCKER TERHADAP KEJADIAN HIPOGLIKEMIA PADA LANSIA: NARRATIVE REVIEW

2025-09-29T00:36:04+00:00

Elderly patients are considered a vulnerable population, as advanced age may exacerbate existing conditions or predispose individuals to adverse effects such as hypoglycemia. While hypoglycemia most frequently occurs in patients with diabetes who are treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, it may also develop in non-diabetic individuals under certain circumstances. The use of beta-blockers has been identified as one potential contributing factor to hypoglycemic events. This article aims to review the adverse effects of beta-blocker therapy in relation to hypoglycemia among older adults. A narrative review was conducted through electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria were studies published within the last 10 years involving older patients who experienced hypoglycemia while receiving beta-blocker therapy. The search yielded 38 articles, of which only 4 met the inclusion criteria. In conclusion, the use of β-blockers appears to be associated with an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia; however, evidence specifically addressing the geriatric population remains limited.