Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore (JTMMX) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang, West Java, Indonesia. JTMMX disseminates original research articles to facilitate the exchange of research findings among academicians, researchers, and practitioners while fostering national and international scholarly collaborations. The journal has been accredited with Sinta 4 by the Ministry of Education and Culture (decree number 177/E/KPT/2024, dated October 15, 2024), effective from Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022. The journal is assigned the DOI prefix 10.36805/jtmmx to ensure credibility and accessibility. The editorial team maintains high-quality services and adheres to stringent publishing ethics. JTMMX is published biannually (January and July) and accepts submissions of original articles, review articles, and experimental studies.
Mechanical Engineering Department Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang
Analysis of the Influence of Driver Behavior on Energy Efficiency in Prototype Electric Vehicles
The development of electric vehicles as a sustainable transportation alternative is rapidly advancing, driven by the need to reduce exhaust emissions and fossil fuel consumption. The efficiency of electric vehicles is not only determined by technical components such as electric motors, batteries, and control systems, but also by the driver's behavior during operation. This study aims to analyze the influence of driver behavior on energy efficiency in a prototype electric vehicle. The test was conducted within the campus environment of Universitas Mataram on a track with various conditions, including flat roads, curves, slight inclines, and speed bumps. Three drivers participated in the experiment, each completing three driving sessions with full freedom to drive without limitations set by the researcher. The results of the study show that driving behavior has a significant impact on energy consumption. Drivers with high speeds and aggressive acceleration tend to consume more energy. In contrast, drivers who adopted efficient driving techniques were able to save energy significantly. These findings confirm that driver behavior is an important factor in the design and development of energy-efficient electric vehicles.
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An Integrative Review on the Role of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) in Sustainable Supply Chains for Green Manufacturing
Sustainable waste management and environmentally friendly production systems have become central to modern supply chain practices. Refuse-derived fuel, an alternative fuel derived from solid waste, presents significant potential in supporting green supply chain management principles. However, its integration into the green supply chain management framework remains fragmented. This study aims to explore the integration of refuse-derived fuel into sustainable supply chain management using an integrative literature review method. Findings indicate that refuse-derived fuel contributes not only to reducing landfill volume and emissions but also enhances energy efficiency, particularly in the cement manufacturing industry. Key challenges include feedstock quality, technological complexity, and limited policy support. This study proposes a conceptual model positioning refuse-derived fuel as a strategic driver for green production. Through a multidisciplinary understanding of refuse-derived fuel, waste management, and supply chain innovation, refuse-derived fuel emerges as a promising component for systematic integration into sustainable production and circular economy strategies. Future research is recommended to validate this conceptual model empirically and to explore practical implementation pathways in various industrial sectors.
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Analysis of the Influence of Transmission System and Vehicle Weight on the Range Efficiency of the Mandalika Desantara Prototype
The development of electric vehicles (EVs) plays a vital role in reducing carbon emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. This study examines the range efficiency of the Mandalika Desantara electric prototype by investigating the impact of vehicle weight and transmission configuration on energy consumption. Experimental tests were conducted using three different vehicle weights (120.5, 130.5, and 140.5 kg) and multiple transmission ratios. The results indicate a positive correlation between vehicle weight, energy usage, and travel performance. The lowest energy consumption was recorded at 21.33 Wh for the 120.5 kg configuration, achieved at an average speed of 14.42 km/h. The highest was 46 Wh for the 140.5 kg configuration, attained at 20.00 km/h. Motor power output ranged from 113.01 W to 177.22 W, with a range efficiency varying between 0.052 km/W and 0.113 km/W. Travel times ranged from 548 seconds at a transmission ratio of 6.43 to 822 seconds at a ratio of 10.29. These findings underscore the importance of optimized weight management and transmission selection in enhancing EV performance, thereby contributing to the development of more energy-efficient and sustainable electric mobility solutions.
Optimizing Spring-back and Spring-go in Vee-bending of SCGA340BHX Galvanized Steel: A Taguchi Approach
Spring-back and spring-go are critical elastic recovery phenomena in sheet metal forming that affect the angular precision of bent components. This study investigates the influence of punch angle, die opening, and punch speed on these behaviors during the Vee-bending process of SCGA340BHX high-strength galvanized steel. A Taguchi design of experiments with an L8 orthogonal array was applied, and spring-back angles were measured and analyzed using the “smaller-is-better” signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio criterion. The results reveal that punch angle is the most influential parameter governing spring-back and spring-go tendencies, followed by die opening and punch speed. A punch angle of 50° and a die opening of 35 mm produced the highest average spring-back (3.03°), while spring-go behavior was observed primarily at higher punch speeds (35–40 mm/min). The study further confirmed the inverse relationship between bending force and spring-back, with lower forming forces correlating to greater elastic recovery. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the interdependence between geometric and kinematic factors in elastic recovery phenomena, offering quantitative insights for optimizing Vee-bending operations involving thin, high-strength steel.
Fabrication and Structural Integrity Analysis of a Jenang Mixer Machine: A Solution for Modernizing Traditional Indonesian Food Production
The design and fabrication of the Jenang mixer machine are carried out to enhance the efficiency of household industrial-scale Jenang production. The machine is designed using an engineering approach based on numerical analysis and the Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) method. The drive power calculation shows a minimum requirement of 2072.7 Watts; therefore, a 3 HP electric motor equipped with a gearbox is used to produce significant torque at low revs. Analysis of the frame strength using static simulations in Fusion 360 software revealed that the machine structure had a safety factor of 15 and a maximum displacement of only 0.006 mm, indicating a robust and stable structure. The fabrication results indicate that the machine comprises 12 principal components and operates reliably in evenly stirring the Jenang dough, making it suitable for small to medium-scale production.
Performance Evaluation of Rice Husk-Based Catalytic Converters: Emission Reduction and Minimal Engine Power Loss Verified by Dynamometer Test
Catalytic converters (CCs) play a critical role in reducing exhaust emissions in motor vehicles. This study presents a sustainable solution by utilizing rice husk waste (RHW) to produce activated carbon, which is then fabricated into honeycomb-shaped catalytic converters with thickness variations of 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm. Among these, the 15 mm-thick converter (CC15) exhibited the most effective emission reduction performance, achieving reductions of 78.33% in hydrocarbons (HC) and 48.23% in carbon monoxide (CO). To assess its impact on engine performance, a series of dynamometer tests were conducted, showing that the installation of CC15 led to less than a 6% decrease in both power and torque, which is considered acceptable for daily vehicle use. Furthermore, the air–fuel ratio (AFR) shifted from an average of 13.38 under standard conditions to 14.19 with CC15, indicating stable combustion. Acoustic evaluation also confirmed that the CC did not function as a noise suppressor, resulting in no significant alteration to engine acoustics. Overall, the CC15 demonstrates an effective balance between environmental performance and engine efficiency, offering a practical emission control solution based on locally sourced agricultural waste.
Technical Evaluation of Elevator Performance and Capacity Planning in High-Rise Apartment Towers: A Case Study in Jakarta
Elevator systems are critical for ensuring efficient vertical mobility, safety, and occupant comfort in high-rise residential buildings. This study presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of the elevator system in a three-tower apartment complex in Jakarta, Indonesia. The analysis integrates both qualitative and quantitative methods to assess key performance indicators, including peak load demand, round-trip time, handling capacity, recommended number of elevator units, waiting time, and estimated daily energy consumption. The peak load during the initial five-minute interval was found to range from 23 to 48 persons per tower. Elevator speeds were set at 180 m/min for Tower 1 and 150 m/min for Towers 2 and 3, resulting in round-trip time values between 183 and 208 seconds. The estimated handling capacities varied from 54 to 69 persons per elevator. To ensure optimal service performance and redundancy, four elevator units are recommended for Tower 1, and three units each for Towers 2 and 3. The projected daily energy consumption, based on a five-hour operational window, ranges from 80.51 to 96.61 kWh. The findings offer practical insights for designing energy-efficient and service-optimized elevator systems in high-density urban residential developments.
Carrying capacity, Energy efficiency, Elevator system, High-rise partment, Peak load
Techno-Economic Analysis of On-Grid Solar Power Plants for Tulungagung Hydropower Operational Cost Savings Based on Production and Load Data
The increasing energy demand and environmental challenges have accelerated the global shift toward renewable energy, with Indonesia possessing a substantial solar potential of 3,294 GW. This study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of a 40.9 kWp On-Grid Solar Power Plant as a supplementary energy source to reduce operational costs at the Tulungagung Hydropower Plant. A techno-economic analysis was conducted using 2024 solar PV production data from the ShinePhone application and the Tulungagung Hydropower business daily report, complemented by simulations from the Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) to identify optimal system configurations. The actual solar power plant generated 52,499.9 kWh/year, contributing 15.66% of the plant's operational load of 335,150.71 kWh and resulting in annual cost savings of IDR 58,523,260, based on a PLN tariff of IDR 1,114.74/kWh. In comparison, HOMER simulations projected a higher generation of 74,265 kWh/year, with a net present cost (NPC) of IDR 6,461,879,000 and a cost of energy (COE) of IDR 1,142.36. While the PLTS has proven technically and economically viable as a complementary energy source, its current capacity remains insufficient to fully meet the hydropower plant's operational load, indicating the need for further system optimization and potential integration of energy storage solutions.
A Comprehensive Study on Production Efficiency Enhancement Using Optimal Power Press Tonnage in Stamping
The use of press machines in stamping is an important aspect of the manufacturing industry, especially in producing efficient and quality components. This article aims to analyze the cost of the stamping process using mild steel SPCC-SD material measuring 200 mm x 25 mm x 0.8 mm, using two types of press machines, namely 80 tons and 40 tons. Through the cost analysis method, the total cost of the stamping process for the 80-ton press machine is Rp 16,417.4 per 10 pcs, while for the 40-ton press machine, it is Rp 15,028.5, indicating the cost efficiency of the 40-ton press machine is around 8.5%. The tonnage calculation shows that the 40-ton press machine is adequate for the blanking process, with a tonnage requirement of 4 tons, far below the available capacity. These results provide recommendations for the use of 40-ton press machines in the production of steel components on a small to medium scale, considering cost efficiency and optimal performance. This work is expected to increase productivity and cost efficiency in the manufacturing industry, especially at PT GA.
The Analysis Electric Vehicle Range Analysis Using Regression Technique: Case Study of Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicles of the University of Mataram
The development of electric vehicles (EV) represents a strategic approach to reducing carbon emissions and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. This study analyzes the driving range of electric vehicles at the University of Mataram using regression techniques to examine the relationship between vehicle load, energy consumption, and range efficiency. Field tests were conducted under various vehicle load conditions (120.5 kg, 130.5 kg, and 140.5 kg) and gear ratio variations. A linear regression analysis was applied to determine the influence of independent variables (vehicle load and gear ratio) on the dependent variables (energy consumption and driving range). The results indicate a positive correlation between vehicle load and energy consumption, alongside a negative correlation with driving range. Specifically, at a load of 120.5 kg, energy consumption was recorded at 29.29 Wh/km, achieving a maximum range efficiency of 82.82 km per kWh. In contrast, at 140.5 kg, energy consumption increased to 44.00 Wh/km, while range efficiency declined to 54.56 km per kWh. Additionally, gear ratio variations significantly affected vehicle performance, with a gear ratio of 10.29 yielding the highest range efficiency of 112.55 km per kWh, whereas a gear ratio of 6.43 exhibited lower efficiency. These findings emphasize the critical role of vehicle load management and optimal gear ratio selection in enhancing energy efficiency. The study provides valuable insights for the design and development of more efficient and sustainable electric vehicles, contributing to advancements in EV technology.
Unraveling the Potential of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon for Catalytic Converter Application: A Preliminary Studies of its Optimization through the Assisted of Fuzzy Logic
Nowadays, researchers focus on developing catalytic converters based on activated carbon (AC) from organic waste to address environmental concerns. This study presents a preliminary investigation into the application of catalytic converters through the synthesis of AC from coconut shells, with optimization achieved through the implementation of fuzzy logic to ascertain the optimal properties of the AC, specifically the activation temperature. The fuzzy logic approach has determined that the optimal activation temperature is 950 °C. The effectiveness of this approach is substantiated by the successful synthesis of AC, as evidenced by XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX analysis. The findings indicate that fuzzy logic provides the most accurate activation temperature information, significantly impacting the AC structure. The resulting yield and bulk density values were 26.29% and 0.519 g/ml, respectively. Proximate analysis indicates that the ash content (4.332%), moisture (7.211%), and volatile matter (16.321%) achieve an FCC of 72.136%. The iodine number is a crucial parameter in evaluating the potential application of AC for the catalytic converter. The results demonstrated that the adsorption performance is achieved in 613 mg/g. In conclusion, the AC produced shows considerable potential for use as a catalytic converter. This assertion is substantiated by the successful evaluation of its efficacy in reducing CO and HC, respectively, by approximately 86.04% and 56.79%. To confirm the suitability of the catalytic converter for the vehicle. A series of dynamometer tests were conducted to verify the catalytic converter's performance. The ensuing test results exhibited a decline in torque and power values, yet these measurements remained within acceptable parameters for typical daily utilization.
Taguchi-Based Optimization of TIG Welding for Joining Low-Carbon Steel (ST37) and Stainless Steel (SUS 304)
This study investigates the optimization of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding parameters for joining dissimilar metals, specifically ST37 low-carbon steel and SUS 304 stainless steel, using the Taguchi L9 experimental design. The welding parameters evaluated include welding current (45-65 A), tungsten electrode diameter (1.6-2.4 mm), and shielding gas flow rate (12-18 LPM). The aim is to enhance joint integrity and mechanical properties by systematically analyzing the influence of these parameters on hardness and tensile load (TS loads). Hardness testing revealed that the weld zone exhibited the highest hardness, followed by the heat-affected zone and base metal. Tensile testing showed that the highest TS loads of 341 kgf were achieved at 45 A, 1.6 mm electrode diameter, and 12 LPM gas flow rate. Signal-to-noise ratio analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that welding current had the most significant influence on hardness and TS loads, with contributions of 39% and 41.27%, respectively, followed by electrode diameter (17% and 36.42%). In comparison, the gas flow rate had the least impact (45% and 22.31%). However, ANOVA results showed that none of the factors exhibited statistical significance (P > 0.05). The findings contribute to the field of welding engineering by providing optimized TIG welding parameters for ST37-SUS 304 joints, enhancing their reliability in various industrial applications such as automotive manufacturing, oil and gas, and power generation, where durable and corrosion-resistant welds are crucial.
Design and Construction of Poultry Feather Plucking Machine with a 2 kg Processing Capacity
The poultry industry plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for meat. However, the feather plucking process remains a significant challenge, particularly for small-scale poultry farmers who often rely on manual methods that are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and potentially unhygienic. This study aimed to design and construct an affordable and efficient poultry feather plucking machine with a 2 kg processing capacity. The machine was designed using 3D modeling software and constructed using plastic materials for the bucket and rotating disc, and steel for the electric motor mount. The use of plastic components aimed to reduce production costs while maintaining efficiency and minimizing the risk of damage to poultry skin during the plucking process. Functional tests were conducted to evaluate the machine's performance, revealing an average processing time of 28 s per bird, a 30% reduction compared to manual plucking. The machine's efficiency was also assessed, demonstrating a 30% improvement over manual methods. The total production cost of the machine was Rp. 450,000, which is more economical than previous studies. Although the developed machine showed promising results, further study is needed to explore additional parameters such as energy consumption, maintenance requirements, and long-term durability. The incorporation of machine learning algorithms for automated cycle time optimization based on different poultry sizes and feather densities could also be investigated in future studies. Overall, this study contributes to the development of affordable and efficient poultry feather plucking machines, which can benefit small-scale poultry farmers and improve the overall efficiency of the poultry industry.
Performance Analysis of a Laboratory-Scale Wind Turbine: Blade Angle and Its Effect on Efficiency
A wind turbine power plant (WTPP) is a renewable energy system that harnesses wind energy to generate electricity. Indonesia has been identified as a region with considerable wind energy potential, making it a promising location for developing this technology. In alignment with this potential, the Indonesian government has set a target of approximately 7 GW of installed wind turbine capacity by 2030. This study examines the influence of blade angle on the efficiency of electrical energy generation. Three blade angle variations—20°, 30°, and 40°—were analyzed using an experimental setup featuring a horizontal-axis wind turbine with five blades and a constant wind speed of 6.2 m/s. The rotation of the blades converts wind energy into kinetic energy, which is subsequently transferred to a generator to produce electricity. Experimental investigations were conducted using a laboratory-scale prototype, revealing that a blade angle of 40° achieved the highest efficiency. Specifically, the turbine exhibited an efficiency of approximately 29% after 3 minutes of rotation, which increased to 42% after 8 minutes. These findings highlight the pivotal role of blade angle optimization in enhancing WTPP performance. Moreover, this study provides a valuable reference for advancing wind energy applications in Indonesia, supporting the transition towards more sustainable and efficient renewable energy solutions.
Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Sinker-EDM Process for High Tensile Strength Steel Using Response Surface Methodology
This investigation focuses on optimizing the sinker electrical discharge machining (sinker-EDM) process parameters for high tensile strength steel (HTSS), specifically SKD-11, utilizing Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (BB-RSM). Sinker-EDM is a commonly used technique in manufacturing moulds, dies, and components for sectors like automotive and aerospace. This process eliminates direct contact between the electrode and the workpiece. However, its low material removal rate (MRR) constrains productivity. This research endeavours to enhance MRR by employing rectangular graphite electrodes. The Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (BB-RSM) was utilized to evaluate the effects of pulse current, spark-on time, and gap voltage on MRR. The optimal MRR of 45.49 mm³/min was attained at a pulse current of 16 A, spark-on time of 400 µs, and gap voltage of 45 V. ANOVA revealed that pulse current and spark-on time significantly influenced MRR. In contrast, gap voltage had an insignificant impact. Interaction and surface plot analyses confirmed that high pulse current and extended spark-on time resulted in the maximum MRR. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the sinker-EDM process for SHTSS, contributing to enhanced productivity and efficiency in manufacturing.
Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology
Progressive Dies for L-hanger Ducting (L-HD) Utilizing Low-Carbon Steel SPCC-SD Material: An Experimental and Numerical Analysis
Industrial developments, especially in the manufacturing and construction sectors, recognize L-hanger ducting as a critical component in HVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) ducting systems, which play a role in supporting and stabilizing air ducts. The L-Hanger ducting manufacturing process involves a series of stages, such as shearing, blanking, piercing, trimming, and bending processes. This research focuses on the design and simulation of dies and punches for piercing, blanking, and bending processes using 1.6 mm-thick SPCC-SD material. The aim of this research is to design and analyze progressive dies in order to increase the efficiency of the production process. A comprehensive calculation of the forces involved in the shearing, blanking, piercing, trimming, and bending processes is required in order to predict press machine tonnage requirements to support the production process. This research applies theoretical and numerical validation approaches. Theoretical analysis is used to calculate the overall forces, which are then compared with numerical results and verified through an experimental approach. By understanding and optimizing the design of progressive dies, it is hoped that we can increase the production efficiency of L-hanger Ducting and expand knowledge in the field of metal forming, contributing to the metal forming industry and supporting the development of science.
Heating ventilation and air conditioning
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Improving Dissimilar Metal Joining Quality Through Shielded Metal Arc Welding: A Taguchi Optimization Strategy
The results of an experiment that used an orthogonal Taguchi method to improve shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) were given. The SMAW method was used to join dissimilar metal of SPHC and St. 30. SPHC material has a low carbon steel content, while St. 30C steels contain a medium amount of carbon steel, which is used for tractor shaft axles. Carbon percentages vary slightly between the two substances. This study aimed to achieve the highest possible quality of tensile strength by utilizing the specified SMAW parameters. SPHC material has a low carbon content, whereas St. 30 steel has a moderate carbon content. This study used the Taguchi experimental method with three input variables and three experimental levels. The SNR ratio is used to evaluate the most optimal SMAW performance. ANOVA analysis is used to evaluate the most crucial parameters in determining the response variable. This research has successfully provided input on the combination of SPHC and St. 30C for SMEs. It operates effectively with a welding current of 133 A, a welding voltage of 9 V, and a filler diameter of 2.0 mm. The S/N ratio analysis found that the welding current, voltage, and filler diameter all had a significant impact on the outcome.
Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: The Role of Flow Rate in Water-Based Systems
This research investigates the performance of water as a working fluid in the shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs), explicitly analyzing how variations in flow rate influence the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and friction factor characteristics. Experiments were conducted using an STHE with a SUS 201 stainless steel shell and a pure copper tube featuring an inner diameter of 10 mm and an outer diameter of 13 mm. The flow rates of the cold fluid varied at 9, 10, and 12 liters per minute (LPM), while the hot fluid flow was maintained at a constant rate of 6.67 LPM. A 600 W heater, regulated by a PID system, was utilized to evaluate thermal performance, with water serving as the hot fluid on the shell side and the cold fluid on the tube side. Results demonstrate a significant increase in both the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate with higher flow rates of the cold fluid, with the maximum heat transfer coefficient recorded at 12 LPM and the minimum at 9 LPM. The STHE exhibited high efficiency, with heat transfer rate differences between the shell and tube sides remaining below 5%. Although pressure fluctuations were observed with increasing flow rates, they did not substantially affect the friction factor, indicating a predominantly turbulent flow regime. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing heat transfer performance in STHEs, contributing to advancements in thermal management technologies and enhancing the design of efficient heat exchangers.
The Advanced Analysis of Deep Drawing Processes for 1-Inch Diameter Dop-Pipe Caps: Simulation and Experimental Insights
This article investigates the challenges and solutions within the deep drawing process, focusing on issues like cracks and deviations from standard thickness dimensions. Utilizing both experimental methods with a 40-ton power press machine and numerical simulations via ABAQUS software, the study uses SPCC-SD steel to produce a Dop-pipe 1-inch diameter pipe cap. Key findings reveal significant correlations in elements E-90 and E-91, with minimal disparities of around 4.5% between experimental and numerical approaches, showcasing the accuracy of numerical predictions. Notably, the numerical simulations identify potential issues such as increased thickness due to higher axial forces, providing valuable insights for process optimization and defect reduction. By advancing the deep drawing process and extending its applicability to broader material-forming applications, this research contributes significantly to enhancing production efficiency and improving manufacturing practices, emphasizing the importance of simulation-driven approaches in achieving precision and quality enhancement in complex manufacturing processes.
The Photovoltaic Performance based on Radiation Intensity Examination using Experimental Study and Thermal Simulation
Solar energy is a renewable energy source that can be converted into electrical energy through photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. However, the efficiency is low, with only 15-20% depending on solar irradiation converted into electricity. The angle of the sun and the structural position of the solar cell system also affect the amount of solar radiation received. Research has been carried out to determine the effect of radiation intensity on the performance of PV solar cells using experimental methods and thermal simulation. The temperature distribution of PV cells has been studied using experimental studies and thermal simulations. The highest temperature was produced at a solar radiation intensity of 1100 W/m2 of 68.4 ⸰C for the experimental study and 69.4 ⸰C for the thermal simulation study. The highest efficiency is produced at a radiation intensity of 1000 W/m2, with the highest efficiency being 11.5%. This study analyzes the impact of radiation intensity on the electrical efficiency of solar PV cells using two-way ANOVA. The radiation intensity has a P-value of 1.85E-05, which indicates an influence on the electricity produced. There is an MS value of research variation smaller than the MS error of 7.22E-07, indicating an interaction between the two variables
A Comprehensive Investigation of Deep Drawing Processes for a 2-Inch Diameter Dop-pipe Cap: Numerical and Experimental Analysis
The persistent challenges in material forming processes arise from recurrent issues encountered during the deep drawing process, particularly involving cracks and deviations from standard thickness dimensions. This article investigates the deep drawing process using both experimental and numerical methodologies. The experimental approach employs a 40-ton capacity power press machine, while the numerical method utilizes the ABAQUS student version software. SPCC-SD (JIS G3141) is the selected material for producing a Dop-pipe 2-inch diameter pipe cap in both approaches. Noteworthy findings include the highest positive and negative correlations observed in elements E 46 and E 48, with values of 0.715 and -0.933, respectively. Minimal disparities, averaging around 4.6% for all components, were evident between the experimental and numerical methodologies. The numerical approach yielded predictive results identifying potential issues in elements E 47 and E 48. This observation did not reveal instances of tearing failure but instead showcased an increase in thickness due to a higher axial force between the dies and punched-in components. The study successfully and accurately predicted product thickness for all components, presenting a contrast with outcomes obtained through the experimental method. Furthermore, this research advances the deep drawing process, extending its applicability to broader material forming applications and ultimately enhancing overall production process efficiency.
Analysis of Transformer Oil Post-Flashover: DGA Testing and Diagnostic Approached
Transformer oil (TO) is a coolant and insulator in transformers. Flashover contributes to the deterioration of TO, resulting in overheating oil within the transformer. Flashovers, characterized by abrupt electrical discharges in transformers, can produce gases in the insulating oil. Comprehending the alterations in gas content is vital for evaluating the well-being and state of the transformer. The gas analysis was performed utilizing the Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG), Doernenburg, and Roger's ratio method, specifically emphasizing gases obtained from the transformer oil and the gas space. The findings offer a significant understanding of the impact of flashovers on gas generation and assist in identifying potential problems within the transformer. All cycles exhibit TDCG values that surpass those of the original oil. The result of the flashover simulation conducted using BDV testing leads to an alteration in the gas composition within the TO. According to the TDCG results, the transformer is in condition I. Although the scenario arises during the actual operation of the transformer, the transformer can continue to function normally by taking certain precautions, specifically, being cautious, analyzing the presence of individual gases, and assessing the impact of the load. Both analyses conducted using the Doernenburg and Roger's ratio method conclude no evidence of any fault or error. Conducting flashover simulation through the BDV test will modify the gas composition in the oil, but it will not have any lethal consequences
An Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Characteristics in a Copper Pipe Flow System: A Preliminary study Utilizing an EG/Water Mixture
This study investigates the performance of an ethylene glycol/water (EG/Water) fluid at a 40:60 volume ratio, a commonly used base fluid in heating and cooling systems. The evaluation focuses on analyzing heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops. The research adopts an experimental approach, utilizing a test section made of pure copper with an inner diameter of 16 mm, an outer diameter of 19 mm, and a length of 1500 mm. The volume ratio of EG/Water at 40:60 is an input parameter, along with varying fluid flow rates controlled by a valve, ranging from 2 to 18 liters per minute. Two tubular heaters with a combined capacity of 2000 W are attached to the copper pipe, regulated by a 3000 W voltage regulator. Electric current is measured with ammeters. The experimental results reveal that the heat transfer coefficient of the EG/Water fluid increases as the fluid flow rate rises. The highest heat transfer coefficient is achieved at 18 L/min, while the lowest is observed at 4 L/min. Pressure drop increases with higher flow rates, but this does not significantly affect the friction factor, as it undergoes a noticeable decrease while the Reynolds number increases.
The Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology Approach to Optimize Tensile Strength Load in Resistance Spot Welding Using SPCC-SD Steel
This article describes an experimental investigation into optimizing spot welding resistance (RSW) using a spot-welding machine equipped with a dual-electrode Pressure Force System (PFS). The optimization procedure entails the incorporation of SPCC-SD (JIS G 3141), a low-carbon steel that finds extensive application in the automotive sector. With the widespread use of SPCC-SD steel, RSW is an essential process in the automotive industry for assembling body components. This study employs the Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (Box-Behnken-RSM) to optimize the tensile strength load (TS-load), a critical parameter in RSW, through a meticulous analysis of the interplay between Holding Time, Squeezing Time, Welding Current, and Welding Time. Through the methodical design of experiments, the collection of Tensile Strength Load data, and the application of statistical modeling via RSM, this study employs SPCC-SD steel to determine the optimal values for these variables in RSW. The results above readily offer a valuable understanding of the most significant determinants and their interrelationships, thus facilitating advancements in welding methodologies and quality control in the automotive manufacturing sector. This study employs the Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology to investigate the impacts and interrelationships of different parameters thoroughly. It aims to enhance the TS-load using SPCC-SD steel during the resistance spot welding procedure. This research contributes to advancing welding methodologies employed in the automotive manufacturing sector.
Keywords: Box-Behnken; Response Surface Methodology; Tensile Strength Load; Resistance Spot Welding
The High Accurate Automatic School Bell Controller Based On Arduino Uno DS1307 I2C Real-time Clock
Education plays a crucial role in developing human resources with the necessary character and competence to meet the demands of the future Industrial 4.0 revolution. To ensure the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process, schools require supporting facilities and infrastructure. One such component is the school bell, which helps teachers notify students of daily schedules. As technology advances, some schools have adopted an automatic school bell as an alternative to traditional bells. These automatic school bells use Arduino microcontroller technology to ring at scheduled times, automatically improving accuracy and convenience. By utilizing sound output via an Arduino-based system, every created information can be easily delivered and reached. This study follows the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method, a widely used system development methodology encompassing hardware and software systems. The research successfully demonstrates an automatic school bell system capable of automatically producing notification sounds, optimizing electricity consumption, and generating precise sound frequencies during teaching and learning activities. The output voltage and current results at various parts of the automatic school bell system range from 4.17 to 5.90 volts and 488 to 602 mA, respectively. At the same time, power consumption achieved about 2.07 to 3.38 Watts. An automatic school bell system simplifies ringing the school bell as it seamlessly integrates with the scheduled timetable (software). As a result, the automatic school bell now rings automatically according to the pre-defined schedule, enhancing efficiency and ensuring timely transitions between classes and breaks.
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The Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Copper Pipe Flow System Using a 40/60 Volume Ratio Ethylene Glycol/Water (EG/H2O) Blended Fluid
This study discusses the performance of Ethaline Glycol/water (EG/H2O) fluids at a volume ratio of 40/60. EG/H2O fluids are widely used as basic fluids in cooling and heating system applications. The discussion of EG/H2O fluid performance is focused on the analysis of the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The study used an experimental method using a suction test made of pure copper with an inner diameter, outer diameter and length of 16 mm, 19 mm and 1500 mm respectively. The EG/H2O volume ratio at 40/60 was selected as the input parameter. Other input parameters are variations in the fluid flow rate which are regulated using a control valve at fluid flow rates of 4, 6, 8, 10.12, 14.16 and 18 liters/minute. A 2-unit tubular heater with a total capacity of 2000 W was installed on the sides of the copper pipes. A voltage regulator with a capacity of 3000 W is used to regulate the electric power by regulating the supplied voltage. Ampere pliers are used to measure amperage at the setting used. The experimental results show that the performance of the EG/H2O fluid on the heat transfer coefficient increases as the fluid flow rate increases. The highest heat transfer coefficient rate was obtained at a fluid flow rate of 18 L/minute, while the lowest value was obtained at a fluid flow rate of 4 L/minute. Pressure drops fluctuations occur as the fluid flow rate increases. Even though there is a fluctuating pressure drop, this condition does not significantly affect the friction factor, because the fluid flow characteristics occur in a turbulent manner
The Influence of Seal Kit Performance on the Pressure of Hydraulic Press Part Roll Cylinder in the Paper Industry
The hydraulic system is an energy transmission system utilizing liquid fluids. Liquids possess a characteristic different from solids in their inability to withstand shear stress. The employed methodology is qualitative research, also referred to as naturalistic qualitative research, which entails a natural implementation without manipulating circumstances. This study aims to identify the causes of damage to the hydraulic system in the press section machine, along with implementing appropriate corrective measures, while examining the hydraulic functioning of the press section machine. The research problem specifically focuses on analyzing the damage to the hydraulic cylinder and addressing cylinder seal failure. The damage results from seal wrinkling caused by aging, heat and wear. It is important to ensure that the hydrostatic test pressure is carried out at pressures up to 20 MPa with a holding time of at least 30 seconds. This examination ensures that the hydraulic roll press problem has been fully resolved and will not reoccur. Hydraulic systems offer numerous advantages as an energy source in various applications. These advantages include their lightweight nature, ease of installation, and low maintenance requirements. Inadequate performance in the hydraulic roller pressure section is attributed to a hydraulic cylinder seal that does not meet the specified standards, necessitating replacement with a suitable seal.
An Effect of Electrical Current Strength and DCEN Polarity on SMAW Welding Results in Butt Joint Position 1G
This study aims to understand the effect of current strength variations on the Direct Current Negative Electrode (DCEN) polarity on the results of welding at butt joint joints. In this study, ASTM A36 steel was chosen as the main material, while the E6013 electrode was used as the welding electrode. The method used is an experimental approach with a qualitative approach, which allows researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the effect of current variables on welding results. The results of three experiments conducted at welding current of 60 A, 90 A, and 120 A provide a clear picture of the effect of these variables on the butt joint. In the first specimen with a current strength of 60 A, there was not enough penetration and many defects in the capping. Low current strength does not produce optimal welding results at the joint. However, in the second specimen with a current strength of 90 A, there was an initiation of penetration, although it was still incomplete. There are also fewer defects in the capping compared to the first specimen, and it shows an increase in welding results with an increase in current strength. In the third specimen with a current strength of 120 A, there is better penetration, but still not achieving complete penetration. In addition, the capping has many defects, including the suck back. It shows that using high current strength only sometimes produces optimal welding results and can present challenges, such as joint defects.
Ethanol additive addition to gasoline: viscosity investigation using stokes law linear regression
Nowadays, global warming is a tremendous phenomena in the world. Every country trying to solve these conditions, including Indonesia that has a campaign to reduce the emission of CO and HC from vehicles. However, the number of vehicles is increasing every year. Based on that condition, the researchers are trying to modify the fuel with the additive. This work modified the gasoline with 10% ethanol additive addition and investigated the viscosity properties using Stokes law linear regression method and compared to pure gasoline. The viscosity properties are chosen by their effect on emission of vehicles. A low viscosity of fuel can reduce CO and HC in gas emission. Then, this work was finding that the viscosity of gasoline is decreased, but 10% of ethanol does not significantly change the characteristics of gasoline. Even so, the linear regression has successfully used as an analyzed method to determined the viscosity. Then, this finding also contributes to development of fuel in Indonesia to reduce the emission of CO and HC with the modified of gasoline using ethanol in the other concentration.
ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS LIQUID SECTION HEAT EXCHANGER DENGAN TUBE IN TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER DARI SISI APLIKATIF
Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang aplikasidari LSHX yang lebih baik daripada jenis heat exchanger lainnya agar penggunaan penukar kalor tipe ini lebih efektif dan dapat diaplikasikan di beberapa sektor-sektor misal industri, penelitian dan lain sebagainya. Dalam menganalisis data penelitian yang akan dijadikan sebuah optimasi, langkah awal yaitu mengumpulkan semua vaiabel serta populasi dan sampel penelitian. Kemudian analisis variabel inti atau sampel yang akan dijadian fokus penelitian. Langkah terakhir dengan membandingkan sampel dan populasi sehingga data yang dianalisis dapat dijadikan pembanding untuk menentukan data yang lebih baik dari data penelitian sebelumnya. Nilai-nilai yang didapat setelah melakukan penelitian ini yaitu nilai Qmax sebesar 2,241 kW pada heat exchanger jenis LSHX dan 5,657 kW pada heat exchanger jenis shell and tube. Nilai selisih temperatur (∆TLMTD) sebesar 6,2 K pada heat exchanger jenis LSHX dan 11,87 K pada heat exchanger jenis shell and tube. Nilai efektivitas sebesar 87,59% pada heat exchanger jenis LSHX dan 37,35% pada heat exchanger jenis shell and tube. Kata kunci: Heat Exchanger, LSHX, Efisien. This study describes the application of LSHX which is better than other types of heat exchangers so that the use of this type of heat exchanger is more effective and can be applied in several sectors such as industry, research, and so on. In analyzing research data that will be used as an optimization, the first step is to collect all variables as well as the population and research samples. Then analyze the core variables or samples that will be the focus of the research. The last step is to compare the sample and population so that the analyzed data can be used as a comparison to determine which data is better than previous research data. The values obtained after conducting this research are the Qmax value of 2,241 kW on the LSHX type heat exchanger and 5,657 kW on the shell and tube type heat exchanger. The temperature difference value (TLMTD) is 6.2 K for the LSHX heat exchanger and 11.87 K for the shell and tube heat exchanger. The effectiveness value is 87.59% on the LSHX type heat exchanger and 37.35% on the shell and tube type heat exchanger. Keywords: Heat Exchanger, LSHX, Efficient
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