The Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology Approach to Optimize Tensile Strength Load in Resistance Spot Welding Using SPCC-SD Steel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v4i2.6090Kata Kunci:
Keywords: Box-Behnken; Response Surface Methodology; Tensile Strength Load; Resistance Spot WeldingAbstrak
This article describes an experimental investigation into optimizing spot welding resistance (RSW) using a spot-welding machine equipped with a dual-electrode Pressure Force System (PFS). The optimization procedure entails the incorporation of SPCC-SD (JIS G 3141), a low-carbon steel that finds extensive application in the automotive sector. With the widespread use of SPCC-SD steel, RSW is an essential process in the automotive industry for assembling body components. This study employs the Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (Box-Behnken-RSM) to optimize the tensile strength load (TS-load), a critical parameter in RSW, through a meticulous analysis of the interplay between Holding Time, Squeezing Time, Welding Current, and Welding Time. Through the methodical design of experiments, the collection of Tensile Strength Load data, and the application of statistical modeling via RSM, this study employs SPCC-SD steel to determine the optimal values for these variables in RSW. The results above readily offer a valuable understanding of the most significant determinants and their interrelationships, thus facilitating advancements in welding methodologies and quality control in the automotive manufacturing sector. This study employs the Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology to investigate the impacts and interrelationships of different parameters thoroughly. It aims to enhance the TS-load using SPCC-SD steel during the resistance spot welding procedure. This research contributes to advancing welding methodologies employed in the automotive manufacturing sector.
Referensi
REFERENCES
S. T. Pasaribu, S. Sukarman, A. D. Shieddieque, and A. Abdulah, "Optimasi Parameter Proses Resistance Spot Welding pada Pengabungan Beda Material SPCC."
A. G. Thakur and V. M. Nandedkar, "Optimization of the Resistance Spot Welding Process of Galvanized Steel Sheet Using the Taguchi Method," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 1171-1176, 2014.
H. Miller, Handbook for Resistance Spot Welding. Miller Electric Mfg. Co., 2010.
M. Tumuluru, Resistance spot weld performance and weld failure modes for dual phase and TRIP steels. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010, pp. 43-64.
Y. G. Kim, D. C. Kim, and S. M. Joo, "Evaluation of tensile shear strength for dissimilar spot welds of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloy and galvanized steel by delta-spot welding process," Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 5399-5405, 2019.
Y. B. Li, Q. X. Zhang, L. Qi, and S. A. David, "Improving austenitic stainless steel resistance spot weld quality using external magnetic field," Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 619-627, 2018.
S. Sukarman and A. Abdulah, "Optimasi parameter resistance spot welding pada pengabungan baja electro-galvanized menggunakan metode Taguchi," Dinamika Teknik Mesin, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 39-48, 2021.
N. Den Uijl, F. Azakane, S. Kilic, and V. Docter, "Performance of tensile tested resistance spot and laser welded joints at various angles," Welding in the World, vol. 56, no. 11-12, pp. 143-152, 2012.
V. Gautam and D. R. Kumar, "Experimental and numerical investigations on springback in V-bending of tailor-welded blanks of interstitial free steel," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol. 232, no. 12, pp. 2178-2191, 2018.
F. Mucharom et al., "Tensile shear load in resistance spot welding of dissimilar metals: An optimization study using response surface methodology," Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 66-77, 2023.
W. Wang, M. Hua, and X. Wei, "A comparison study of sliding friction behavior between two high strength DP590 steel sheets against heat treated DC53 punch: Hot-dip galvanized sheet versus cold rolled bare sheet," Tribology International, vol. 54, pp. 114-122, 2012.
K. Nagatsuka et al., "Dissimilar materials joining of metal/carbon fibre reinforced plastic by resistance spot welding," Welding International, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 505-512, 2018.
P. Muthu, "Optimization of the Process Parameters of Resistance Spot Welding of AISI 316l Sheets Using Taguchi Method," Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 64-69, 2019.
Y. Jia, G. Chi, W. Li, Z. Wang, and L. Cui, "Influence of wear pattern of graphite electrode on EDM geometric accuracy of slot machining," Procedia CIRP, vol. 95, pp. 408-413, 2020.
D. Ren, D. Zhao, L. Liu, and K. Zhao, "Clinch-resistance spot welding of galvanized mild steel to 5083 Al alloy," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 101, no. 1-4, pp. 511-521, 2019.
N. K. Singh and Y. Vijayakumar, "Application of Taguchi method for optimization of resistance spot welding of austenitic stainless steel AISI 301L," Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 49-61, 2012.
T. Jagadeesha, "Experimental studies in weld nugget strength of resistance spot-welded 316L austenitic stainless steel sheet," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 93, no. 1-4, pp. 505-513, 2017.
R. Ribeiro, E. L. Romão, S. Costa, E. Luz, and J. H. Gomes, "Optimization of the resistance spot welding process of 22MnB5-galvannealed steel using response surface methodology and global criterion method based on principal components analysis," Metals, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1-25, 2020.
B. Xing, Y. Xiao, Q. H. Qin, and H. Cui, "Quality assessment of resistance spot welding process based on dynamic resistance signal and random forest based," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 94, no. 1-4, pp. 327-339, 2018.
Y. Xie, Y. Cai, X. Zhang, and Z. Luo, "Characterization of keyhole gas tungsten arc welded AISI 430 steel and joint performance optimization," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 99, no. 1-4, pp. 347-361, 2018.
J. Y. Cheon et al., "Optimization of pulsed current in resistance spot welding of Zn-coated hot-stamped boron steels," Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1615-1621, 2019.
A. G. Thakur, T. E. Rao, M. S. Mukhedkar, and V. M. Nanedkar, "Application of Taguchi Method for Resistance Spot Welding of Galvanized Steel," vol. 5, no. 11, 2010.
S. Shafee, B. B. Naik, and K. Sammaiah, "Resistance Spot Weld Quality Characteristics Improvement By Taguchi Method," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 2, no. 4-5, pp. 2595-2604, 2015.
H. E. Emre and R. Kaçar, "Development of weld lobe for resistance spot-welded TRIP800 steel and evaluation of fracture mode of its weldment," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Springer, vol. 85, pp. 1737-1747, 2016.
K. Vignesh, A. E. Perumal, and P. Velmurugan, "Optimization of resistance spot welding process parameters andmicrostructural examination for dissimilar welding of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and 2205 duplex stainless steel," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 455-465, 2017.
M. K. Wahid, M. N. Muhammed Sufian, and M. S. Firdaus Hussin, "Effect of fatigue test on spot welded structural joint," Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 79, no. 5-2, pp. 95-99, 2017.
C. Miller Electric Mfg, "Handbook for Resistance Spot Welding," 2012.
X. Wan, Y. Wang, and D. Zhao, "Multi-response optimization in small scale resistance spot welding of titanium alloy by principal component analysis and genetic algorithm," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 83, no. 1-4, pp. 545-559, 2016.
S. K. Khanna, C. He, and H. N. Agrawal, "Residual stress measurement in spot welds and the effect of fatigue loading on redistribution of stresses using high sensitivity Moiré interferometry," Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Transactions of the ASME, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 132-138, 2001.
F. A. Ghazali et al., Three Response Optimization of Spot-Welded Joint Using Taguchi Design and Response Surface Methodology Techniques. Springer Singapore, 2019, pp. 85-95.
T. Sultan, A. Kumar, and R. D. Gupta, "Material Removal Rate, Electrode Wear Rate, and Surface Roughness Evaluation in Die Sinking EDM with Hollow Tool through Response Surface Methodology," International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 2014, pp. 1-16, 2014.
S. Sukarman, A. Abdulah, A. D. Shieddieque, N. Rahdiana, and K. Khoirudin, "OPTIMIZATION OF THE RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING PROCESS OF SECC-AF AND SGCC GALVANIZED STEEL SHEET USING THE TAGUCHI METHOD," SINERGI, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 319-328, 2021.
L. Selvarajan, M. Manohar, A. Udhaya kumar, and P. Dhinakaran, "Modelling and experimental investigation of process parameters in EDM of Si3N4-TiN composites using GRA-RSM," Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 111-122, 2017.
N. K. Singh and Y. Singh, "Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Surface Finish in Argon-Assisted Electrical Discharge Machining Using Dimensional Analysis," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 5839-5850, 2019.
Minitab. (2023, 10/12/2023). Overview for Probability Plot.
S. Sukarman, A. D. Shieddieque, C. Anwar, N. Rahdiana, and A. I. Ramadhan, "Optimization of Powder Coating Process Parameters in Mild Steel (Spcc-Sd) To Improve Dry Film Thickness," Journal of Applied Engineering Science, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1-9, 2021.
S. Sukarman et al., "Optimization of Tensile-Shear Strength in the Dissimilar Joint of Zn-Coated Steel and Low Carbon Steel," Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 115-125, 2020.
S. Sukarman, A. Abdulah, D. A. Rajab, and C. Anwar, "Optimization of Tensile-Shear Strength in the Dissimilar Joint of Zn-Coated Steel and Low Carbon Steel," Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 115-125, 2020.
J. Liu, G. Xu, X. Gu, and G. Zhou, "Ultrasonic test of resistance spot welds based on wavelet package analysis," Ultrasonics, vol. 56, pp. 557-565, 2015.
P. G. Mathews, Design of Experiments with MINITAB, 12 ed. Milwaukee: Mathews, Paul G., 2005, pp. 205-205.
