Pharma Xplore : Jurnal Sains dan Ilmu Farmasi
Pharma Xplore adalah jurnal ilmiah yang diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Buana Perjuangan (UBP) Karawang yang menjadi wadah bagi peneliti untuk melakukan publikasi dan diseminasi hasil penelitian. Jurnal ini merupakan sarana publikasi karya tulis hasil riset dan pengembangannya di bidang Ilmu Farmasi. Jurnal Pharma Xplore terbit 2 (dua) kali dalam satu tahun yaitu pada bulan Mei dan November. ISSN Print: 2527-5801 || ISSN Online: 2580-9601
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang
TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN TINDAKAN TENAGA KEFARMASIAN DAN KEPERAWATAN DI UOBK RSUD dr. SLAMET GARUT TERHADAP OBAT SISA, RUSAK DAN OBAT KEDALUWARSA DI RUMAH
Healthcare workers, particularly pharmacists and nursing staff, play a direct role in the use and management of medications for patients. Therefore, they should understand how to use and manage medications properly. Leftover, damaged, and expired medications at home can pollute the environment and pose a risk to public health if not managed properly. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge and practices of pharmacy and nursing staff regarding medication management at home. This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach using a consecutive sampling technique. In this study, 87 respondents participated, consisting of 14 pharmacists, 6 pharmaceutical technicians, and 67 nurses. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, where the results showed that all respondents (100%) had unused medications at home, 13.8% of respondents had damaged medications, and 10.3% of respondents had expired medications at home. The level of knowledge regarding leftover, damaged, and expired medications at home showed the highest percentage in the poor category, with a percentage of 65.5%. Meanwhile, regarding actions taken regarding leftover, damaged, and expired medications at home, the highest percentage was in the "fairly appropriate" category, at 73.6%. Based on the results of this study, follow-up measures have been taken, including the creation of a banner on medication management at home, which has been displayed in front of the IFRS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Risa Susanti, Novia Fahrina Purnama Sari, Dina Nirwana Suwinda, Asman Sadino https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS SPF DAUN KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior (JACK.) R.M. SM) DAN BIJI BUNGA MATAHARI (Helianthus annuus L.) UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TABIR SURYA ALAMI
The development of natural sunscreens is essential to address the potential irritancy and environmental impact of synthetic sunscreens. Excessive UV radiation exposure poses risks of acute skin damage to cancer, while synthetic sunscreens such as oxybenzone have been associated with skin irritation and environmental concerns. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile and quality parameters of 70% ethanol extract of Etlingera elatior leaves and Helianthus annuus L. seed oil, and evaluate the in vitro SPF activity of each substance and their combination (2:1 ratio). Extraction was performed by maceration (leaves) and cold pressing (seeds). SPF was measured in triplicate (n=3) at 290–320 nm using the Mansur equation in 96% ethanol (10 mg/mL). Results demonstrated that the kecombrang extract complied with the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia standards, while the sunflower seed oil met Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The SPF values were 16.35 ± 0.10 (Ultra) for kecombrang extract, 5.34 ± 0.02 (Moderate) for seed oil, and 13.07 ± 0.02 (Maximum) for the combination. These findings support the potential development of topical natural photoprotective formulations, such as gel or cream dosage forms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anisya Amanda Putri Sartono, Shelly Taurhesia, Faizatun Faizatun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENENTUAN NILAI SPF SEDIAAN SERUM WAJAH KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN SIRSAK (Annona muricata L.) DAN EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polianthum (Wight) Walp)
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major cause of oxidative stress in the skin, accelerating premature aging. Prevention can be achieved through topical formulations containing sunscreen agents and antioxidants. Annona muricata L. (soursop) and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. (Indonesian bay leaf) have been reported to possess strong antioxidant activity and potential as natural sunscreen agents. This study aimed to develop a facial serum combining soursop and bay leaf extracts and to evaluate its antioxidant activity and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value in vitro. The extracts were obtained via maceration using 70% ethanol and combined in three ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1). Antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, while SPF was measured by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The 2:1 extract ratio demonstrated the best performance, with an IC₅₀ value is 22.41 ppm and an SPF of 22.34, classified as ultra protection. Serum formula F1 contained 2% soursop leaf extract and 1% bay leaf extract, whereas F2 contained 4% soursop leaf extract and 2% bay leaf extract. Formula F2 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and SPF value, met physicochemical and stability requirements, and was proven non-irritating to the skin. These findings indicate that the combination of soursop and bay leaf extracts has promising potential for development as an effective antioxidant and sunscreen facial serum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Rokayah, Ratna Djamil, Kartiningsih Kartiningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK DENGAN METODE DDD (DEFINED DAILY DOSE) PADA PASIEN DEMAM TIFOID RAWAT INAP DI SALAH SATU RUMAH SAKIT DI GARUT
Typhoid fever is an infectious disease that remains a major health problem in Indonesia, especially in areas with poor sanitation. This disease is caused by Salmonella typhi and requires appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent complications and bacterial resistance. Evaluating antibiotic use is important to ensure the effectiveness of therapy and avoid irrational use. This study aims to evaluate antibiotic use patterns in hospitalized typhoid fever patients at a Garut hospital using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) method. This evaluation includes a quantitative analysis of antibiotic usage based on WHO standards to determine the rationality of antibiotic therapy administered to patients. The study employs an observational method with a retrospective approach. Data were obtained from the medical records of typhoid fever patients who were hospitalized from January to December 2024. The analysis was conducted using the ATC/DDD method to measure the amount of antibiotic use per 100 patient-days. The results obtained will be compared with WHO standards to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic use. The results of this study were obtained from 348 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the analysis of DDD/100 patient-days, the antibiotic with the highest value was cefixime at 267.1528, while the lowest was cefoperazone at 0.0694. Additionally, antibiotics included in the DU90% segment the group of antibiotics accounting for 90% of total usage were cefixime (66.96%), ceftriaxone (20.91%), and levofloxacin (5.62%).
Copyright (c) 2025 Genialita Fadhilla, Asri Dewi Latiefah, Hanum Salsabila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKTIVITAS KAPSUL ANTIHIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN RAMBUTAN (Nephelium lappaceum L.) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN (Mus musculus)
Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by elevated blood cholesterol, is recognized as a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Statin drugs, such as simvastatin, effectively reduce cholesterol levels but may cause side effects with long-term use. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) leaves contain flavonoid compounds that may serve as a natural antihypercholesterolemic agent. The objective of this study was to investigate the cholesterol-lowering effect of capsules containing rambutan leaf ethanol extract in male Swiss Webster mice (Mus musculus). A total of twenty-five animals were randomly allocated into five groups: a positive control (simvastatin), a negative control, and three treatment groups receiving extract doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kgbw. Capsule physical evaluations included flow time (8.27–8.72 seconds), angle of repose (32°–36°), compressibility (7.4–15%), moisture content (2.8–3.9%), weight uniformity (199.85–199.97 mg ± <1 mg), and disintegration time (1.09–1.86 minutes), all meeting pharmacopeial standards. Cholesterol levels were measured and statistical testing showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the treatment groups compared to the negative control. The 40 mg/kgbw dose produced the highest cholesterol reduction (30.9%) and was not significantly different from simvastatin (p<0.05). These results suggest that ethanol extract capsules of rambutan leaves have potential as an alternative natural cholesterol-lowering therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tsalma Dwi Juliani Fasya, Richa Mardianingrum, Nitya Nurul Nitya Nurul Fadilah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH INFUSA DAN PERASAN UMBI BIT (Beta vulgaris L) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH MENCIT JANTAN (Mus muscullus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with high prevalence and potential for serious complications. Long-term use of synthetic antidiabetic drugs may cause adverse effects, making natural alternatives necessary. Beetroot is known to be rich in bioactive compounds such as betalains, flavonoids, polyphenols, and nitrates, which possess antioxidant activity and are suggested to contribute to blood glucose reduction. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of beetroot infusion (IUB) and beetroot juice (PUB) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The study employed a true experimental design with a post-test control group design. Results showed that after induction, blood glucose levels increased significantly in all groups except the normal group. After treatment, glimepiride reduced blood glucose by 79.77%, IUB by 68.12%, and PUB by 65.67%, with significant differences compared to the negative control (p<0.05). The hypoglycemic mechanism of beetroot is likely related to the role of betalains in protecting pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress, flavonoids and polyphenols in inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and nitrates in improving insulin sensitivity through the nitric oxide pathway. In conclusion, IUB and PUB demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, although their efficacy was lower than glimepiride. Beetroot has the potential to be developed as an adjunct phytotherapeutic agent in diabetes management, although further research in humans is required to determine the optimal dose, safety, and more specific molecular mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ripa Fani Nur Annisah, Dani Sujana, Nurul Nurul, Diah Wardani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN INFUSA DAN DEKOKTA JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) TERHADAP NILAI VISKOSITAS PUTIH TELUR AYAM KAMPUNG SEBAGAI MUKOLITIK
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) is characterized by productive cough due to mucus accumulation. Synthetic mucolytics such as bromhexine may cause adverse effects, thus prompting the need for herbal alternatives. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) contains bioactive compounds including gingerol, shogaol, and saponin, which have potential as natural mucolytics. This study aimed to evaluate the mucolytic effect of red ginger infusions and decoctions on the viscosity of native chicken egg white as a mucus model. The research employed an in vitro quasi-experimental design using a post-test only control group. Treatments consisted of red ginger infusions and decoctions at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1%, compared with a positive control (bromhexine), a negative control, and a solvent control. Viscosity was measured using an NDJ-5S viscometer at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, and data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (p < 0.05). Results showed that the 0.25% and 0.50% infusions and the 1% decoction significantly and consistently reduced viscosity, with effectiveness approaching that of the positive control. The greatest viscosity reduction was observed at 120 minutes, namely 29.55%, 28.39%, and 27.05%, respectively, while the positive control achieved 30.65%. These findings confirm the potential of red ginger as an effective herbal mucolytic candidate, warranting further development through advanced studies, including toxicity assessments and clinical safety evaluations
Copyright (c) 2025 Reyhan Putra Sopyana, Dani Sujana, Yogi Rahman Nugraha, Zahara Farhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENINGKATAN DISOLUSI ETIL P-METOKSISINAMAT MELALUI KOKRISTALISASI DENGAN ASAM TARTRAT: EVALUASI MULTI-PH UNTUK OPTIMALISASI BIOAVAILABILITAS ORAL
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) is a bioactive compound from Kaempferia galanga rhizome with potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities as a new drug candidate. However, the low solubility of EPMC (128.1 mg/L) classified as BCS class II limits its dissolution rate and bioavailability. This study aimed to increase the dissolution rate of EPMC through cocrystal formation with tartaric acid, and to determine the optimal coformer ratio and pH condition that provides the greatest dissolution enhancement. EPMC-tartaric acid cocrystals were prepared using solvent drop grinding method with stoichiometric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. Particulate dissolution testing was performed using type II dissolution apparatus in three buffer media (HCl pH 1.2; acetate pH 4.5; phosphate pH 6.8) at 37±0.5°C for 60 minutes (n=3). Cocrystal ratio 1:3 in HCl medium pH 1.2 provided the best result with dissolution enhancement up to 8.5-fold compared to pure EPMC (p<0.05). Significant improvements also occurred in all tested pH media. Cocrystallization with tartaric acid successfully increased EPMS dissolution significantly at all pH conditions, with potential to enhance oral bioavailability of EPMC as an anti-inflammatory drug candidate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Revika Rachmaniar, Rival Ferdiansyah, Fauzan Ahmad Mudzakkir, Nela Simanjuntak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN FOTOPROTEKSI DARI EKSTRAK SERTA FRAKSI DAUN JARUM TUJUH BILAH (Pereskia bleo (Kunth)D.C)
Pereskia bleo (Kunth) D.C, commonly known as “jarum tujuh bilah,” is a plant widely found in Indonesia with elliptic to oblong-shaped leaves. This plant is traditionally recognized for its therapeutic properties, including treatments for rheumatism, inflammation, gastric disorders, ulcers, diabetes, hypertension, and as a body revitalizer. The leaves of this plant are known to contain various secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds. These constituents exhibit antioxidant activity and the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation, indicating potential as a natural sunscreen agent. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and photoprotective activities of the extract and fractions of P. bleo leaves through in vitro assays using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Extraction was conducted via maceration using 70% ethanol as the solvent, followed by liquid–liquid fractionation with solvents of varying polarities: distilled water, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 41.5 ppm and an antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 0.963. The highest photoprotective activity was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction, with an SPF value of 73.229 (categorized as ultra protection) and an erythema transmission percentage of 0.034797 (indicative of effective sunblock activity)
Copyright (c) 2025 Irma Erika Herawati, Ginayanti Hadisoebroto, Ita Inayah, Lisna Dewi, Syulastri Effendi, Syumillah Saepudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TOTAL TANIN, FENOL, FLAVONOID, DAN ANTOSIANIN EKSTRAK BIJI KEDELAI HITAM (Glycine soja (L.) Merr.) DAN BIJI KEDELAI KUNING (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Soybeans were a unique type of legume because they contained important secondary metabolites, such as polyphenol compounds. Phenolic compounds were classified into several groups, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and stilbenes, which had a common structure with multiple hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring. Epidemiological studies and meta-analysis data provided strong evidence that long-term consumption of polyphenol-rich products could help protect against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the flavonoid, phenol, tannin, and anthocyanin content in commercially available yellow and black soybean extracts. The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method. The total tannin and phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, with tannic acid and gallic acid as standards. The total flavonoid content was measured using the AlCl₃ method with quercetin as the standard. Anthocyanin content was analyzed using the pH differential method. All measurements were conducted using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The results showed differences in the tannin, phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content between black and yellow soybeans. Black soybeans had higher levels, with 0.074 mg/g (total tannin), 244 mg GAE/g (total phenol), 20.9 mg QE/g (total flavonoid), and 2.189 mg/100 mL (anthocyanin content).
Copyright (c) 2025 Irma Erika Herawati, Siti Uswatun Hasanah, Hesty Nuur Hanifah, Lisna Dewi, Ita Inayah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS (DRPs) DOMAIN PEMILIHAN DOSIS ANTIDIABETES ORAL PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI RSUD KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA TAHUN 2024
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that requires continuous drug therapy. In the use of oral antidiabetic drugs, type 2 DM patients are prone to errors due to suboptimal drug use in terms of both dosage and frequency. These medication errors are referred to as Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). This study aims to determine patient characteristics, patterns of oral antidiabetic prescription, and analyze DRPs related to the selection of oral antidiabetic doses in type 2 DM patients at Majalengka Regional General Hospital. This study is a retrospective observational study with a cross-sectional approach, using data from 85 outpatient medical records that met the inclusion criteria, namely type 2 DM patients with comorbid hypertension who received oral antidiabetic therapy during the period January-December 2024. The results indicated that most patients received combination therapy with two oral antidiabetic drugs (52%). One case (1.17%) of DRPs was found in the category of metformin overdose, which has the potential to cause drug toxicity in the form of lactic acidosis. These findings indicate that although DRP cases are relatively low, monitoring drug use in the form of medication reviews is still necessary as a preventive measure against DRPs.
Characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Patterns of oral antidiabetic prescription
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahyuniarti Wahyuniarti, Like Efriani, Ismanurrahman Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMASI FORMULA DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS SEDIAAN LIP BALM APIGENIN SEBAGAI PENCERAH DAN PELEMBAB BIBIR
Lips are one part of the face whose appearance affects the aesthetic perception of the face. The stratum corneum on the lips contains 3-4 layers and is very thin compared to normal facial skin, there are no hair follicles or sweat glands in the skin of the lips, which protect the lips from the external environment, due to poor protective function, the lips are very sensitive to environmental influences that can cause damage to the skin of the lips. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of apigenin lip balm preparations as a lip brightener and moisturizer. This research method is an experimental data collection method. The results of this study Apigenin can be formulated as a good lip balm preparation in moisturizing and brightening the lips. All lip balm formulas, both F0, FI, F2 and F3, have good lip balm characteristics according to SNI Number 16-4769-1998 and have met the requirements for making lip balm preparations, cannot irritate the skin and have good stability in the cycling test storage mass. Formula III containing 4% apigenin powder has the highest and best ability to moisturize and brighten the skin of the lips. The initial condition of the skin before use shows a value on the skin lip chart of 5 to 2 after using the apigenin lip balm preparation. These four lip balms, with varying concentrations of active ingredients, can increase lip moisture and brighten the lips. The increase in moisture levels during the four treatments is a result of the activity of the compound apigenin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sofi Nurmay Stiani, Dedeh Yuniani, Yusransyah Yusransyah, Baha Udin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDI UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI FRAKSI CIPLUKAN (Physalis angulata Linn.) PADA TIKUS MODEL INFLAMASI YANG DIINDUKSI PUTIH TELUR
Acute inflammatory conditions such as uveitis in pets can lead to discomfort and unnecessary pain. The treatment for uveitis involves the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs, including NSAIDs or herbal remedies generally containing flavonoids. Physalis angulata Linn., known as Ciplukan, encompasses compounds exhibiting anticoagulant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Ciplukan is composed of withanolids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and flavonoids. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ciplukan ethyl acetate fraction (CEAF) on Wistar rats as egg white-induced inflammation models and the most effective dose. The test was carried out on 6 test groups, each consisting of 5 rats. The test groups consisted of a normal control group, a 4,5 mg/kgBW diclofenac induced group, a negative control (NC) group which were induced inflammation using egg whites, and CEAF administration at respective doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kgBW groups. The parameters used in this research were plant determination, phytochemical tests, measurement of edema volume, and analysis of anti-inflammatory activity. The volume of edema on the rats’ paws was measured using a plethysmometer periodically, with a total period of 6 hours. All the data in the study were analysed statistically using the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method and the Tukey test with 95% CI. The results indicated that the CEAF with dose of 15 mg/kgBW exhibited a percentage of edema inhibition (47,8%) closest to that of the diclofenac sodium group (61,6%). The study findings suggest that the CEAF possesses anti-inflammatory activity with the most effective dose of 15 mg/kgBW.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratu Zalika Aulya, Muchamad Ramadhan Ardhi Yusuf, Aufa Aulia Dwi Putri, Shenny Syifana Surya Permana, Jasmine Yasyfa Sukmayani, Miski Aghnia Khairinisa, Indah Suasani Wahyuni, Enny Rohmawati, Muhammad Hasan Bashari, Ronny Lesmana, Aziiz Mardanarian Rosdianto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS TERAPI ANTIPSIKOTIK TERHADAP KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN REHABILITASI NAPZA DI LOKA REHABILITASI BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL BATAM
Antipsychotic therapy is often administered to NAPZA rehabilitation patients with comorbid mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. This study aims to analyze the effect of antipsychotic therapy on the quality of life of NAPZA rehabilitation patients at the BNN Batam Rehabilitation Center. The research method used total sampling with a sample size of 26 respondents. Quality of life was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of respondents were male (92.3%) aged 18–49 years, with the most common diagnosis being paranoid schizophrenia (84.6%). The dominant therapy given was second-generation antipsychotics (92.3%). There was an increase in the average quality of life score across all domains, from 58.68 to 73.72 after therapy. The paired t-test showed a significant difference between quality of life before and after therapy (p = 0.000). However, the chi-square test showed no significant relationship between type of therapy and duration of rehabilitation with improvement in quality of life (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, antipsychotic therapy significantly improves the quality of life of NAPZA rehabilitation patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Ngurah Agung Artawijaya, Nahrul Hasan, Diani Mega Sari, Ayu Amelia, Ghalib Syukrillah Syahputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UJI AKTIVITAS HIPNOTIK-SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAUN PATIKAN KEBO (Euphorbia hirta Linn) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN GALUR SWISS WEBSTER
Sleep disorders such as insomnia are common health issues that significantly impact quality of life. Pharmacological therapies using hypnotic-sedative drugs often cause side effects, highlighting the need for alternative treatments derived from natural sources. One plant with potential hypnotic-sedative properties is patikan kebo (Euphorbia hirta L.). This study aimed to evaluate the hypnotic-sedative activity of 70% ethanol extract of patikan kebo leaves in male Swiss Webster mice. The extract was obtained through maceration using 70% ethanol and subsequently analyzed for phytochemical content and standardization. The hypnotic-sedative activity was tested in vivo using the rotarod test and by observing the onset and duration of sleep following phenobarbital induction. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, quinones, and steroids/triterpenoids. A dose of 400 mg/kgBW demonstrated the most significant hypnotic-sedative activity, indicated by the highest number of falls (11.75 times), the fastest sleep onset (17.25 minutes), and the longest sleep duration (270 minutes) compared to the control group. In conclusion, the 70% ethanol extract of patikan kebo leaves shows promising potential as a natural hypnotic-sedative agent, with 400 mg/kgBW being the most effective dose.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asman Sadino, Sekar Ratih Pramesti, Suwendar Suwendar, Riza Apriani
ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA PADA PASIEN SEPSIS YANG DIBERIKAN TERAPI ANTIBIOTIK SEFTRIAKSON ATAU MEROPENEM DI INTENSIVE CARE UNIT RSUD BERKAH PANDEGLANG PERIODE 2022-2023
Sepsis is a systemic infection commonly occurring in hospitals, which can lead to serious complications and even death if not treated promptly and effectively. Antibiotic therapy plays a crucial role in the success of sepsis treatment. However, inappropriate use of antibiotics can hinder treatment outcomes and directly impact hospitalization costs. This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of ceftriaxone and meropenem antibiotic treatments in sepsis patients at Berkah Pandeglang Hospital. The research utilized a retrospective data collection method, using secondary data from 2022-2023. Data were obtained from the medical records of sepsis patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The sample consisted of 20 patients, with 11 receiving ceftriaxone and 9 receiving meropenem. The Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) for the ceftriaxone group was Rp. 124,470, while for the meropenem group it was Rp. 119,058. These results indicate that meropenem is more cost-effective than ceftriaxone in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusransyah Yusransyah, Cita Khalawatilah, Asti Yunia Rindarwati, Sofi Nurmay Stiani, Baha Udin
OPTIMASI DAN FORMULASI SABUN PADAT TRANSPARAN APIGENIN DENGAN VARIASI BASIS VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO)
Apigenin is a flavonoid compound found in plants such as chamomile and parsley. The compound is known to have various pharmacological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. This potential makes it an attractive candidate for the development of topical products, one of which is transparent solid soap. Transparent solid soap offers an attractive aesthetic and can be formulated with various active ingredients. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) was chosen as a soap base because of its emollient, antibacterial properties, and its ability to produce hard and foamy soap. However, the formulation of transparent solid soap with the addition of apigenin and VCO base requires optimization to produce a stable, transparent product that has the expected activity. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the formulation of transparent solid soap containing apigenin with variations in VCO base to obtain the best formula with optimal physicochemical characteristics and activity and meets the requirements of SNI number 06-3532-2016. The method in this study uses an experimental method with variations in VCO soap base. This study used four Formulas (F) consisting of negative control formula, FI with 7.5% VCO concentration, FII with 10% VCO concentration, FIII with 12.5% ​​VCO concentration. Formulas FI, FII and FIII contain apigenin with a concentration of 0.2%. The physical evaluation of transparent solid soaps carried out consisted of organoleptic, pH, foam height, foam stability, water content, alkali free, hedonic test, and irritation test. The results of the study showed that the apigenin compound can be formulated in the form of transparent solid soap preparations. The physical evaluation carried out showed that all formulas of apigenin transparent solid soap preparations with VCO variations had met the requirements of SNI number 06-3532-2016.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sofi Nurmay Stiani, Anisya Yulianti, Eva Kholifah, Yusransyah Yusransyah , Baha Udin
PENGARUH PROSES FERMENTASI AEROB DAN ANAEROB TERHADAP KADAR FLAVONOID DAN STEROID PADA DAUN SUKUN HIJAU (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) YANG DIFERMENTASI
This study investigates the impact of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes on flavonoid and steroid levels in green breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) fermented leaves. The research evaluated flavonoid and steroid content after fermentation periods of 5 days and 10 days under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Results showed that after 5 days of fermentation, the flavonoid content was 0.729 under aerobic conditions and 0.825 under anaerobic conditions. Additionally, after 10 days of fermentation, the flavonoid content decreased to 0.605 under aerobic conditions and 0.664 under anaerobic conditions. Regarding steroid content, after 5 days of fermentation, aerobic conditions yielded 11.425 while anaerobic conditions produced 10.549. After 10 days, aerobic fermentation resulted in 10.861, whereas anaerobic fermentation resulted in 10.125. These findings suggest that both the duration and the type of fermentation process significantly influence the levels of flavonoids and steroids in fermented breadfruit leaves.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hesti Riasari, Wiwin Winingsih, Sri Gustini Husein, Nela Simanjuntak
PERBANDINGAN PROFIL KROMATOGRAFI LAPIS TIPIS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TEMPUH WIYANG (Emilia sonchifolia L.) DAN DAUN SITUDUH LANGIT (Erigeron sumatrensis Retz.)
Indonesia has many medicinal plants whose secondary metabolite profiles are unknown using thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is a simple analytical method to confirm chemical compounds contained in plants other than phytochemical screening. The Rf value and stain color obtained on TLC can provide the identity of the compounds contained. Tempuh wiyang leaves (Emilia sonchifolia L.) and Situduh langit leaves (Erigeron sumatrensis Retz.) are medicinal plants that have been widely used for treatment, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and antibacterials. However, there has been no research that reveals the TLC profile of the two plants, so the purpose of this study was to see a comparison of specific parameters, non-specific parameters, and TLC profiles of the two medicinal plants. The stages of the research carried out were determining specific and non-specific parameters as well as the TLC profile of the two extracts based on the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (FHI). The results of the study showed that the specific and non-specific parameters of the Tempuh wiyang leaves and the Situduh langit leaves met the criteria based on FHI. From the results of the TLC profile determination, the extract of Tempuh wiyang leaves contains alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and steroids. Meanwhile, the extract of Situduh langit leaves contains secondary metabolites of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins. Tempuh wiyang and Situduh langit leaves have secondary metabolites that can be used for various pharmacological activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irma Erika Herawati, Wempi Eka Rusmana, Syumillah Saepudin
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus) DALAM SEDIAAN GUMMY
Red dragon fruit has many benefits for the body, one of the useful ingredients in red dragon fruit is the content of antioxidants. Antioxidants are needed by the body in delaying, slowing down and preventing the risks caused by free radicals. This makes red dragon fruit an ingredient in nutraceutical preparations such as gummy candy. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of red dragon fruit in gummy candy preparations. Antioxidant testing was carried out using the DPPH method using a Uv-Visible spectrophotometer. The test results proved that the IC50 value of the F1 formulation was 8.961, F2 was 29.6, and F3 was 46.23. So it can be concluded that the antioxidant activity of the formulations F1, F2, and F3 is very strong with the F1 formulation being the best formulation with a lower IC50 value because the smaller the IC50 value, the better it is in capturing free radicals
Copyright (c) 2025 Eko Sri Wahyuningsih, Shella Imka Puji Destria, Lia Fikayuniar, Putri Agustina, Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri
EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIHIPERTENSI PADA PASIEN HIPERTENSI DI PUSKESMAS GRABAG 1 KABUPATEN MAGELANG
Hypertension is one of the main causes of death and morbidity in Indonesia. Hypertension has increased from year to year. The use of antihypertensive drugs appropriately is expected to improve therapeutic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the appropriateness of antihypertensive use at the Grabag 1 Health Center, Magelang Regency. The research design was a non-experimental study descriptively and retrospective sampling. The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling and a sample of 100 patients was obtained. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. Based on the study, the use of antihypertensive drugs in the calcium channel blocker (CCB) group was 91%, a combination of CCB and thiazide diuretics was 5%, a combination of CCB and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) was 3% and a combination of CCB and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) was 1%. The appropriateness of the use of antihypertensive drugs included the right indication of 100%, the right patient of 100%, the right drug of 100% and the right dose of 69%. The accuracy of drug use at Grabag 1 Health Center was correct with an average value of 92.25%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Annisa Rose Lita, Sikni Retno Karminingtyas
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI DAUN KENIKIR (Cosmos caudatus K) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 DALAM PENYEMBUHAN LUKA SAYAT PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus)
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus, which often infects wounds and slows down the healing process. Kenikir leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and essential oils that have antibacterial potential. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity and wound healing effect of extracts and fractions of Kenikir leaves based on differences in polarity. This research is a laboratory experiment. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol for 5x24 hours, then fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The antibacterial test was conducted using the disc diffusion method, while wound healing was observed by measuring wound length on days 1, 3, and 7. The positive control used Mupirocin ointment, and the negative control used DMSO. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Levene homogeneity test, and One Way ANOVA test with post hoc LSD and Kruskal-Wallis with post hoc Mann Whitney, followed by Pearson correlation test. The results showed that the extract and ethyl acetate fraction had antibacterial activity and accelerated wound healing significantly. The correlation test showed a very strong relationship, where the higher the antibacterial activity, the faster the wound healing process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rizki Kurniawan, Kharisma Jayak Pratama, Rizka Wahyu Syahputra
UJI KARAKTERISTIK FISIK NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER RESVERATROL DENGAN VARIASI SURFAKTAN PEG-7 GLYCERYL COCOATE DAN TWEEN 20
Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol compound that has been known to have antioxidant activity. However, the weakness of RSV, which has low solubility and is sensitive to light, is a limitation to be developed as a topical product. Therefore, modification of the delivery system, such as Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLCs), is needed to overcome this. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate (GC) and Tween 20 surfactants on the physical characteristics of the RSV NLC system. In this study, the RSV NLC system was made using the High Shear Homogenization (HSH) Method with PEG-7 GC and Tween 20 surfactants in three formulas, F1 (3:9), F2 (3:12), and (3:15), and then the physical characteristics of the RSV NLC system were tested, including organoleptic, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP). The results of the physical characteristics test obtained showed that all formulas met the skin pH range. The highest viscosity sequence is (853.33 ± 20.81 nm) > F2 (793.33 ± 20.81 nm) > F1 (713.33 ± 61.10 nm). The largest particle size is F3 (308.55 ± 11.66) > F2 (270.1 ± 18.95) > F1 (216.05 ± 8.98), PDI F3 (0.26 ± 0.00) > F2 (0.25 ± 0.03) > F1 (0.22 ± 0.04). From these results it is known that the surfactant ratio affects the physical characteristics of NLC RSV.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dita Nurlita Rakhma, Mariana Nur Hamidah, Yuyun Nailufa, Yuli Ainun Najih
COST EFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS TERAPI ANTIDIABETES ORAL KOMBINASI PASIEN GEN Z RAWAT JALAN DI RS DEWI SRI
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among younger age groups, including Generation Z (born 1997–2012), has increased significantly. Combination therapy using oral antidiabetic drugs is a preferred approach to optimally control blood glucose levels. However, the clinical effectiveness and cost burden of various drug combinations need to be analyzed, especially considering the country's limited healthcare budget. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of different oral antidiabetic combination therapies used by outpatient Generation Z patients at Dewi Sri Karawang Hospital. This research is a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. Data were obtained from the medical records of Generation Z patients (aged 12–27 years) undergoing oral antidiabetic combination therapy at Dewi Sri Karawang Hospital. The cost analysis was conducted from the hospital's perspective by calculating direct medical costs. Effectiveness was measured based on the reduction in random blood glucose levels. The Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) were used to compare the effectiveness of the therapies. The combination of Glibenclamide 5 mg + Metformin 500 mg was found to be more cost-effective, with a result of IDR 4,614/mg/dL for outpatient Generation Z patients at Dewi Sri Karawang Hospital, compared to the Acarbose 50 mg + Metformin 500 mg combination, which had an ACER value of IDR 8,744/mg/dL. Based on the ICER calculation, switching from Acarbose 50 mg + Metformin 500 mg to Glimepiride 2 mg + Metformin 500 mg, in the event of a stock-out, would require an additional cost of IDR 61,288/mg/dL. These findings may serve as a consideration for making efficient and affordable therapy decisions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dedy Frianto, Ayu Wandira, Lina Aliyani Mardiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN, KADAR FENOLIK DAN FLAVONOID DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TEMPUH WIYANG (Emilia sonchifolia)
Antioxidants play important role in the body's defense because of their ability to prevent the adverse effects caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues. To prevent this damage, antioxidants are needed, especially those sourced from natural ingredients. Natural antioxidant compounds are found in many traditional medicinal plants, one of which is tempuh wiyang (Emilia sonchifolia). This plant is is known contained secondary metabolites, such as phenolics and flavonoids, which have high antioxidant activity. This study aims to evaluate antioxidant activity and measure total phenolic and flavonoid levels of tempuh wiyang leaf extract. Antioxidant activity was tested using the free radical scavenging method with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), using vitamin C as a comparator. Determination of phenolic and flavonoid levels was carried out using the colorimetric method, using gallic acid and quercetin as standards. The results showed that tempuh wiyang leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 39.4 ppm. This high activity is supported by the total phenolic content of 52.40 ± 0.012 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content of 52.30 ± 0.011 mg QE/g. Based on the research results obtained, the tempuh wiyang leaves have great potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deby Tristiyanti, Irma Erika Herawati, Lisna Dewi, Ita Inayah, Syumillah Saepudin
PENETAPAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA SEDUHAN SIMPLISIA UMBI BIT MERAH (Beta vulgaris. L) DENGAN SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV-VIS
Red beetroot is one of the plants consumed by the community in the form of juice as an antidote to free radicals, and to treat other diseases such as degenerative diseases. Red beetroot is known to contain flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. This study aims to determine the total phenolic content of antioxidant activity in red beetroot herbal infusion. The results showed that the total phenolic content of red beetroot herbal infusion was 14.18±0.15 mg GAE/gram. Red beetroot herbal infusion contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Characterization of beetroot herbal infusion in the water content test, total ash content, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content, and drying loss were obtained respectively at 9.18±0.04 %; 8.30± 0.21 %; 7.40±0.65 %; 7.06±0.61 %; dan 9.00±0.03 %. Red beetroot herbal infusion has a red color, an “earthy taste” aroma, and a sweet taste. The antioxidant activity of red beetroot herbal infusion with IC50 value of 694.17 ppm. Red beetroot herbal infusion contains phenolic compounds and has antioxidant activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Patricia Siloam Wikanti, Ellsya Angeline Rawar, Novena Adi Yuhara
EVALUASI AKTIVITAS ANTI OBESITAS EKSTRAK BETA-GLUKAN DARI JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus) TERHADAP MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN
One of the health problems among adolescents with increasing prevalence is obesity. Conventional therapies such as orlistat, sibutramine, and lorcaserin often cause side effects that make the stomach uncomfortable so that a more safe alternative is needed. White oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) contain beta-glucan which is a water-soluble dietary fiber. Beta-glucan can lower LDL cholesterol levels and support digestive function so that it has the potential as an anti-obesity agent. This study aims to evaluate the anti-obesity activity of beta-glucan in male white mice from white oyster mushrooms. Beta-glucan extraction in white oyster mushrooms was carried out using the hot water extraction method. Identification of the beta-glucan powder produced using the Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) instrument. The beta-glucan extract obtained was then dissolved in hot water to produce a water-soluble powder used in testing on test animals. A total of 30 male white mice were divided into six treatment groups: normal feed control, 0.5% CMC-Na, orlistat (15.6 mg/kg), and beta-glucan extract with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. The results of powder identification with FTIR showed that the powder contained functional groups according to the structure of beta-glucan. The results of the anti-obesity activity test in male white mice showed that a dose of 400 mg/kgBW (formula 3) was able to significantly reduce body weight and produce effectiveness approaching orlistat.
Copyright (c) 2025 Renald Umbu Deta Dapawando, Gavrilia Patricia Bombo, Ellsya Angeline Rawar, Yosua Adi Kristariyanto, Ari Widhiarso
UJI AKTIVITAS SITOTOKSIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN FRAKSI BIJI ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.) PADA KANKER PARU SEL A549 DENGAN METODE PRESTRO BLUE
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in Indonesia, with a higher prevalence in men, primarily due to smoking. Cancer treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are often not entirely effective, carry the risk of side effects, and are expensive. Therefore, there is a need for safer and more effective alternatives. One promising natural material is avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.), which contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. Previous research has shown that avocado seed extracts exhibit cytotoxic activity against several types of cancer cells, including colorectal and breast cancer. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract, water fraction, n - hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction of avocado seeds against A549 lung cancer cells and to determine their IC50 values. The cytotoxicity test was conducted using the PrestoBlue method at concentrations of 7.81, 5.63, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm. The results indicate that the ethanol extract, water fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction of avocado seeds exhibit weak cytotoxic activity (IC50 values of 571.20 µg/mL, 490.40 µg/mL, and 275.70 µg/mL, respectively). However, the n-hexane fraction demonstrates strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 86.60 µg/mL). This study highlights the potential of the n-hexane fraction as a more effective anticancer agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hesti Renggana, Dani Sujana, Deden Winda Suwandi, Doni Asnhar Nuari, Dilfa Alifah Dallis, Dewa Al Hasyemi, Siti Hindun, Risa Susanti, Isye Martiani
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI FRAKSI N-HEKSAN DAN FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN PEPAYA JEPANG (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR
Inflammation is a biological response to tissue-damaging agents that trigger the release of inflammatory mediators. Long-term use of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs often causes side effects, thus prompting the search for natural alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of C. aconitifolius (Chaya) leaf fractions n-hexane and ethyl acetate and determine the most effective dose. The paw edema method was used, with inflammation induced by 1% lambda carrageenan injected subplantarly into the hind paws of male Wistar rats. The test fractions were administered at three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW), and paw volume was measured hourly for 6 hours and once at 24 hours using a plethysmometer. The results showed that all test fractions exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. The ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 200 mg/kgBW demonstrated the highest effect with an inhibition percentage of 48.94%. The anti-inflammatory effect is suspected to be due to the presence of flavonoid compounds, which inhibit inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandins. This study suggests that pepeya jepang leaves have the potential to be developed as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asman Sadino, Siva Hamdani, Maila Bintan Kamila, Riza Apriani
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans SECARA IN VITRO
Infections remain a major public health challenge in Indonesia, including infections of the oral cavity caused by microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans. Red ginger is known to contain flavonoids, phenols, essential oils, and tannins that have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to test the antimicrobial activity of red ginger ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans using the agar diffusion method. The results showed that at concentrations of 10 and 20%, there was a slight increase in the zone of inhibition. However, starting from 40% concentration, the increase in concentration resulted in a larger zone of inhibition. At 60% concentration, the results were close to the positive control, and at the highest concentration of 80%, the inhibition zone reached 28.04 mm with an inhibition rate of 62.24%. Overall, the inhibitory activity showed a positive relationship as the concentration of red ginger extract increased.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yogi Rahman Nugraha, Dani Sujana, Risma Anugrah Dewi